Wind is a form of solar energy. Winds are caused by the
uneven heating of the atmosphere by the sun, the
irregularities of the earth's surface, and rotation of the
earth. Wind flow patterns are modified by the earth's
terrain, bodies of water, and vegetation. Humans use this
wind flow, or motion energy, for many purposes: sailing,
flying a kite, and even generating electricity.
The terms wind energy or wind power describe the process
by which the wind is used to generate mechanical power or
electricity. Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the
wind into mechanical power. This mechanical power can be
used for specific tasks (such as grinding grain or pumping
water) or a generator can convert this mechanical power into
electricity.
So how do wind turbines make electricity? Simply stated,
a wind turbine works the opposite of a fan. Instead of using
electricity to make wind, like a fan, wind turbines use wind
to make electricity. The wind turns the blades, which spin a
shaft, which connects to a generator and makes electricity.
Take a look
inside a wind turbine to see the various parts. View the
wind turbine animation to see how a wind turbine works.
This aerial view of a wind power plant shows how a group
of wind turbines can make electricity for the utility grid.
The electricity is sent through transmission and
distribution lines to homes, businesses, schools, and so on.
Many wind farms have sprung up in the
Midwest in recent years, generating power for utilities.
Farmers benefit by receiving land lease payments from
wind energy project developers.
Modern wind turbines fall into two basic groups: the
horizontal-axis variety, as shown in the photo, and the
vertical-axis design, like the eggbeater-style Darrieus
model, named after its French inventor.
Horizontal-axis wind turbines typically either have two
or three blades. These three-bladed wind turbines are
operated "upwind," with the blades facing into the wind.
GE Wind Energy's 3.6 megawatt wind
turbine is one of the largest prototypes ever erected.
Larger wind turbines are more efficient and cost
effective.
Utility-scale turbines range in size from 100 kilowatts
to as large as several megawatts. Larger turbines are
grouped together into wind farms, which provide bulk power
to the electrical grid.
Single small turbines, below 100 kilowatts, are used for
homes, telecommunications dishes, or water pumping. Small
turbines are sometimes used in connection with diesel
generators, batteries, and photovoltaic systems. These
systems are called hybrid wind systems and are typically
used in remote, off-grid locations, where a connection to
the utility grid is not available.
Measures the wind speed and transmits wind speed
data to the controller.
Blades:
Most turbines have either two or three blades. Wind
blowing over the blades causes the blades to "lift" and
rotate.
Brake:
A disc brake, which can be applied mechanically,
electrically, or hydraulically to stop the rotor in
emergencies.
Controller:
The controller starts up the machine at wind speeds
of about 8 to 16 miles per hour (mph) and shuts off the
machine at about 55 mph. Turbines do not operate at wind
speeds above about 55 mph because they might be damaged
by the high winds.
Gear box:
Gears connect the low-speed shaft to the high-speed
shaft and increase the rotational speeds from about 30
to 60 rotations per minute (rpm) to about 1000 to 1800
rpm, the rotational speed required by most generators to
produce electricity. The gear box is a costly (and
heavy) part of the wind turbine and engineers are
exploring "direct-drive" generators that operate at
lower rotational speeds and don't need gear boxes.
Generator:
Usually an off-the-shelf induction generator that
produces 60-cycle AC electricity.
High-speed shaft:
Drives the generator.
Low-speed shaft:
The rotor turns the low-speed shaft at about 30 to
60 rotations per minute.
Nacelle:
The nacelle sits atop the tower and contains the
gear box, low- and high-speed shafts, generator,
controller, and brake. Some nacelles are large enough
for a helicopter to land on.
Pitch:
Blades are turned, or pitched, out of the wind to
control the rotor speed and keep the rotor from turning
in winds that are too high or too low to produce
electricity.
Rotor:
The blades and the hub together are called the
rotor.
Tower:
Towers are made from tubular steel (shown here),
concrete, or steel lattice. Because wind speed increases
with height, taller towers enable turbines to capture
more energy and generate more electricity.
Wind direction:
This is an "upwind" turbine, so-called because it
operates facing into the wind. Other turbines are
designed to run "downwind," facing away from the wind.
Wind vane:
Measures wind direction and communicates with the
yaw drive to orient the turbine properly with respect to
the wind.
Yaw drive:
Upwind turbines face into the wind; the yaw drive is
used to keep the rotor facing into the wind as the wind
direction changes. Downwind turbines don't require a yaw
drive, the wind blows the rotor downwind.
Yaw motor:
Powers the yaw drive.
Wind Energy – Renewable
energy harnesses natural wind power – Effective answer for
emission problem towards cleaner, safer and greener
environment:
Harnessing renewable alternative energy
is the ideal way to tackle the energy crisis that looms
large over the world. Renewable energy is the energy which
is made from resources that Mother Nature replaces.
Renewable energy is also called “clean energy” or “green
power” because it doesn’t pollute the air or the water. Wind
energy is one such renewable energy source that harnesses
natural wind power. People try to make many assumptions
against wind turbines for generation of wind energy; but the
fact remains, wind energy is most suitable form of renewable
energy we can have to replace coal fired / nuclear powered /
and even oil fired power plants in the near future. In
support various points are discussed below:
1. Wind power is a clean,
renewable source of energy which produces no greenhouse gas
emissions or waste products. Power stations are the largest
contributor to carbon emissions, producing tones of CO2 each
year. We need to switch to forms of energy that do not
produce CO2. Just one modern wind turbine will save over
4,000 tones of CO2 emissions annually.
2. Wind energy is generated by
blowing air. Wind energy transform in kinetic
energy and use as mechanical energy or electricity. The
amount of energy produce depends mainly on blowing wind
speed; density of air affects the energy produce by wind,
which is determined by the humidity, barometric pressure,
dryness.
In
the case of a
wind-electric turbine,
the turbine blades are designed to capture the kinetic
energy in wind. When the turbine blades capture wind energy
and start moving, they spin a shaft that leads from the hub
of the rotor to a generator. The generator turns that
rotational energy into electricity. At its essence,
generating electricity from the wind is all about
transferring energy from one medium to another.
The simplest possible wind-energy turbine consists of
three crucial parts:
* Rotor blades – The
blades are basically the sails of the system; in their
simplest form, they act as barriers to the wind (more modern
blade designs go beyond the barrier method). When the wind
forces the blades to move, it has transferred some of its
energy to the rotor.
* Shaft – The
wind-turbine shaft is connected to the center of the rotor.
When the rotor spins, the shaft spins as well. In this way,
the rotor transfers its mechanical, rotational energy to the
shaft, which enters an electrical generator on the other
end.
* Generator – At its
most basic, a generator is a pretty simple device. It uses
the properties of electromagnetic induction to produce
electrical voltage – a difference in electrical charge.
Voltage is essentially electrical pressure – it is the force
that moves electricity, or electrical current, from one
point to another. A simple generator consists of magnets and
a conductor. The conductor is typically a coiled wire.
Inside the generator, the shaft connects to an assembly of
permanent magnets that surrounds the coil of wire. In
electromagnetic induction, if you have a conductor
surrounded by magnets, and one of those parts is rotating
relative to the other, it induces voltage in the conductor.
When the rotor spins the shaft, the shaft spins the assembly
of magnets, generating voltage in the coil of wire. That
voltage drives electrical current (typically alternating
current, or AC power) out through power lines for
distribution.
3. Energy of wind power
depends upon speed of air when increase in speed of
air then increase in generation of energy and when decrease
then decrease in energy generation. So locate the wind power
plant in windiest areas.
4. The cost of wind energy
is determined by initial cost of the wind power plant - any
wind power plant that is installed in a windy area generates
less expensive electricity than the same unit installed in a
less windy area. 5. The average wind farm will pay back the
energy used in its manufacture within 3-5 months of
operation. This compares favorably with coal or nuclear
power stations, which take about six months.
6. A modern wind
turbine is designed to operate for more than 20 years and at
the end of its working life, the area can be restored at low
financial and environmental costs. Wind energy is a form of
development which is essentially reversible – in contrast to
fossil fuel or nuclear power stations.
7. A modern wind
turbine produces electricity 70-85% of the time, but it
generates different outputs depending on the wind speed.
Over the course of a year, it will typically generate about
30% of the theoretical maximum output. This is known as its
load factor. The load factor of conventional power stations
is on average 50%. A modern wind turbine will generate
enough to meet the electricity demands of more than a
thousand homes over the course of a year.
8. All forms of power
generation require back up and no energy technology can be
relied upon 100%. Variations in the output from wind farms
are barely noticeable over and above the normal fluctuation
in supply and demand.
9. The cost of
generating electricity from wind has fallen dramatically
over the past few years. Between 1990 and 2007, world wind
energy capacity doubled every three years and with every
doubling prices fell by 15%. Wind energy is competitive with
new coal and new nuclear capacity, even before any
environmental costs of fossil fuel and nuclear generation
are taken into account. As gas prices increase and wind
power costs fall – both of which are very likely – wind
becomes even more competitive, so much so that some time
after 2010 wind should challenge gas as the lowest cost
power source. Furthermore, the wind is a free and widely
available fuel source; therefore once the wind farm is in
place, there is no fuel requirement or no waste related
costs.
10. In future, we will
need a mix of both onshore and offshore wind energy to meet
the challenging targets on climate change. At present,
onshore wind is more economical than development offshore.
However, more offshore wind farms are now under
construction. Thus, prices will fall as the industry gains
more experience.
11. Wind energy is a
benign technology with no associated emissions, harmful
pollutants or waste products. In over 25 years and with more
than 75,000 machines installed around the world, and there
is no report of any body has ever been harmed by the normal
operation of wind turbines.
12. The evolution of
wind farm technology over the past decade has rendered
mechanical noise from turbines almost undetectable with the
main sound being the aerodynamic swoosh of the blades
passing the tower.
13. We need to act now
to find replacement power sources – wind is an abundant
resource, and therefore has a vital role to play in the new
energy portfolio all over the world.
14. Generation of
electrical energy by wind power plant rapidly growing in
whole world, In terms of installation and operation world
level. Average onshore turbines discussed here is of
capacity 1.8 MW. For many on-going projects at present the
capacity over 2 MW turbines are being installed. Offshore
turbines currently being installed are rated at 3 MW, and it
is expected that this will rise to a typical 5 MW per
machine by 2010.
15.
The benefits of wind energy:
* Wind energy is an ideal renewable energy because:
Pollution-free,
Does not require fuel
Does not produce toxic or
radioactive waste.
* Wind energy is quiet and does not
present any significant hazard to birds or other wildlife.
* When large arrays of wind turbines are installed on
farmland, only about 2% of the land area is required for the
wind turbines. The rest is available for farming, livestock,
and other uses.
* Ownership of wind turbine generators by individuals and
the community allows people to participate directly in the
preservation of our environment.
16.
The Fastest-Growing Energy Source – Wind is the
fastest-growing energy source in the world, enjoying an
average annual growth rate of 28 percent over the past ten
years, compared to less than three percent for fossil fuels.
The major drivers of this growth include concerns over
climate change and energy security.
17.
Untapped Potential – Despite monumental growth,
wind energy still represents only a minute fraction of total
energy consumption worldwide. Increasing this percentage to
levels that will contribute to necessary reductions in
global greenhouse gas emissions will require significant
political support to overcome decades of policies
encouraging conventional fossil fuel technologies. If a more
level playing field is achieved, wind energy will likely
play a major role in future climate change strategies in
both national and international arenas.
18. Breakthrough In Small
Wind Technology -The main
work of wind turbines is to utilize the energy of wind and
convert it into electricity; stronger wind is considered
good for electricity production. But the speed of wind
should not be too strong because it makes turbines spin too
fast and in this process it commits suicide! Why is it so?
Because turbine blades get ripped off by stronger winds –
excessive heat damages the alternator. Turbine tower too
can’t remain unaffected by the strong wind. To prevent all
this damage a mechanical breaking system furling is
generally used. This method prevents wind turbine from
spinning too quickly by turning the blades away from the
direction of the wind. Furling can be manual or automatic
with same goal i.e. turning the turbine blade edges into the
wind when the wind is dangerously strong and stormy.
19. Drawbacks -
We already know the benefits of wind energy and why we
should opt for it. But currently manufacturers are
concentrating on the drawbacks of the wind energy and trying
to eliminate or minimize those shortcomings. For example
turbines are noisy and this sound nuisance can be a problem
for the residents of the areas. Wind turbines are unsafe for
birds too. Birds can be injured or die if they are caught up
in the wings of the turbines. Turbines might annoy you due
to horizon pollution i.e. they might meddle with your
aesthetic sense.
20. Wind Energy From
Ocean Surface – When we
talk about wind energy, we don’t specifically mention ocean
winds. But global satellite maps from NASA promise a new
hope. Nearly a decade of data from NASA’s QuikSCAT satellite
gives us hope that we can harness ocean’s wind for energy
generation. These maps can help in locating and planning the
offshore wind farms for producing electric energy.
21. Next Generation Wind
Energy -
Right now wind energy is only being harnessed in the windy
regions of the earth. Installation of wind energy on
individual basis is unpopular because of production and cost
inefficiency. Noise pollution and birds getting killed are
also not quite attractive side-effects of the windmills. We
can’t even imagine of installing windmills on high rise
buildings due to their size and cost.
Researchers of university Illinois have thought about all
the drawbacks of the windmills and have come up with their
own version in the wind turbine technology. Their idea is to
have double-helix wind turbine known as ‘aeroturbines’.
The design of these aeroturbines is comparatively simple and
to eliminate the drawbacks of the existing turbines.
Harvesting wind energy from high rise buildings will be
possible and production and cost efficiency will be the key
factors. The propellers of these aero turbines resemble an
electric beater and don’t look like a blade. These
aeroturbines will not produce noise pollution and can be
installed at the rooftops of high rise buildings. They are
safe for birds as well.
22. Cost comparison and Govt.
incentives - The cost of utility-scale wind power
has come down dramatically in the last two decades due to
technological and design advancements in turbine production
and installation.The higher the wind speed
over time in a given turbine area, the lower the cost of the
electricity that turbine produces.Below a
comparison of various energy generation costs (average) is
shown:
Government incentives for both large-
and small-scale producers contribute to the economic
feasibility of a wind-power system as well.
23.Floating wind
turbine launched:Floating wind turbine
could lead to offshore wind farms eventually being located
many miles offshore, away from areas where they cause
disruption. This would benefit military radar operations,
the shipping industry, fisheries, bird life and tourism.
Floating wind farms could provide an additional source of
energy for countries that have run out of space for their
onshore wind farms, or where there is not enough wind on
land. [Reference:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8085551.stm ]
As per the recent news, Hywind, the 2.3MW floating
offshore wind turbine being developed by Norwegian oil and
gas company StatoilHydro, Siemens and Technip has now been
installed and moored to the seabed off the coast of Norway.
Once cables to the mainland grid have been laid, the wind
turbine prototype will undergo a two year pilot which will
provide valuable knowledge on how to perfect the technology
and hopefully one day enable floating wind turbines to
become a financially viable alternative to other energy
sources. [Refer:
http://www.gizmag.com/hywind-floating-wind-turbine/11961/ ]
Hywind facts in brief:
* Turbine size: 2.3 MW
* Turbine weight: 138 tons
* Turbine height: 65m
* Rotor diameter: 82.4m
* Draft hull: 100m
* Displacement: 5300m3
* Diameter at water line: 6m
* Diameter submerged body: 8.3m
* Water depths: 120-700m
* Mooring: 3 lines
Vestas Wind turbines
We install a wind turbine every three hours. Globally.
With Vestas as your supplier and business partner, you
are basing your investment on documented processes: More
than 25 years’ experience, insights and knowledge of wind.
Vestas wind turbines are checked and tested at our own test
centres, after which the results are verified and certified
by independent organisations. We also continuously monitor a
large number of the turbines in operation, both to determine
how the turbine design can be optimised and to use the data
and knowledge to make turbine operation even more reliable
and cost-effective.
Vestas has an extensive portfolio of turbines which are
each suited to specific conditions and requirements. Click
the category you want to learn more about:
Our kilowatt turbine, the V52-850 kW, is extremely
reliable, and well suited to sites with restricted
access or complex terrain. Compact dimensions make the
V52 easy to transport and install.
We have installed over 2,100 V52s worldwide
Over the past 25 years, Vestas has expanded the
limits for what is possible. With the V52, we have also
made great strides in terms of flexibility. Offering a
choice of five different tower heights that vary from 44
m to 74 m, the V52 is equipped with
OptiSpeed®, which maximises the aerodynamic
efficiency of the rotor in response to changing wind
conditions.
In this turbine class, we offer the V82-1.65 MW. This
turbine uses
ActiveStall® technology, which ensures that the
rotor gathers the maximum power available from the
prevailing wind, while minimising loads and controlling
output. Today, 1,200 turbines of this type have been
installed at sites with temperatures ranging from arctic
to tropical.
Our 2.0 MW turbines offer high availability, outstanding
grid compatibility and proven technology. Since 2003 we
have installed more than 5,000 2.0 MW turbines around
the globe – onshore and off. And with the new V100-1.8
MW, reliable performance is now achievable at low wind
sites.
More energy and less noise
The 2.0 MW is synonymous with increased energy
production, better power quality and less mechanical
wear – thanks to the advanced OptiSpeed® technology*.
Available with an 80m and 90m rotor, the V90-1.8/2.0 MW
is built on the advanced blade profile and technology
used in the V90-3.0 MW. The blades have the same weight
as the V80-2.0 blades, but sweep 27 per cent more area.
And the nacelle design is based on the V80, but the
gearbox and transmission have been adapted to withstand
increased loads from a larger rotor. The result is an
extremely competitive wind turbine for the low and
medium wind segments.
The new V100-1.8 MW – unsurpassed availability
The V100-1.8 MW is the next generation of our
successful and highly reliable 2.0 MW class of wind
turbines. These turbines have a proven track record of
high availability even in the most extreme conditions.
Specially designed for reliable performance at low wind
sites, the innovative V100-1.8 MW is based on this tried
and tested technology.
The V100-1.8 MW delivers consistently high revenue at
sites where it was previously impossible to harvest wind
power. The V100-1.8 MW turbine’s availability comes from
its rugged modular design, which also provides
exceptional grid compliance. And several suppliers can
provide the turbine’s many standard components, ensuring
further reliability and availability – under any
conditions.
*Vestas Converter System (VCS) turbines are not
available in Canada and the US. For the North American
market, the turbines are available as Vestas Converter
Unity System (VCUS) versions.
Since the V90 3.0 MW turbine was introduced in 2002,
Vestas have installed more than 1,000 around the world.
And now, with the launch of the V112-3.0 MW turbine, we
can supply the world with modern energy that’s more
efficient and reliable than ever.
Every aspect of the design of the V90-3.0 MW turbine has
been rethought with the aim of reducing the cost per
kWh. The lighter the turbine, the lower the cost of
production, materials, transport and installation. These
are the reasons why weight reduction has high priority
in turbine development.
Despite the larger rotor and generator, the V90-3.0
MW weighs less than the V80-2.0 MW turbine. The V90
introduces a lighter, stronger tower and a
ground-breaking nacelle design which produces more power
from less weight. The blade structure, which is
different from previous blade technologies, incorporates
both new materials and a revised blade profile design.
Stable, high-output modern energy
Our new onshore turbine for low and medium wind
speeds, the V112-3.0 MW can generate more electricity
than any other turbine in the 3 MW class. Effective and
reliable even under the harshest weather conditions, it
sets new standards in turbine performance and
efficiency.
Built using tried-and-tested technology, the V112-3.0
MW features the latest advances in blade and nacelle
design to make the most of fluctuating weather
conditions. And innovations in cooling systems and load-optimised
operation enable the turbine to keep generating power
when other systems grind to a halt.
The V112-3.0 MW integrates seamlessly with current
plant configurations and complies with even the most
demanding grid codes. And because it’s constructed with
easy-to-obtain parts and components, it’s readily
available and extremely reliable.
Superior power quality. Maximum energy
capture. Reactive power control and voltage
support. Reduced loads. GE technologies provide
every benefit for high efficiency and
reliability.
GE's unique dynamic power conversion system with
optional WindVAR control provides support and control to
local grid voltage, improving transmission efficiencies
and providing the utility grid with reactive power
(VARs), increasing grid stability. GE technology,
outfitted with its unique WindVAR option, automatically
maintains defined grid voltage levels and power quality
in fractions of a second. This feature is particularly
beneficial with weaker grids or larger turbine
installations.
GE has just taken wind power electronics to the next
level of performance. Wind turbines can now, for the
first time, remain online and feed reactive power to the
electric grid right through major system disturbances.
GE's innovative Low Voltage Ride-Thru (LVRT) feature
enables wind turbines to meet transmission reliability
standards similar to those demanded of thermal
generators. LVRT adds significant new resiliency to wind
farm operations at the time when more utilities require
it.
Through its advanced electronics, the GE wind
turbine's control system continually adjusts the wind
turbine's blade pitch angle to enable it to achieve
optimum rotational speed and maximum lift-to-drag at
each wind speed. This "variable speed" operation
maximizes the turbine's ability to remain at the highest
level efficiency. In contrast, fixed speed wind turbines
only attain peak efficiency at one wind speed. The
result: greater annual energy production yield as
compared to machines operating at constant speed.
Additionally, while constant speed rotors must be
designed to deflect high wind gust loads, GE's variable
speed operation enables the loads from the gust to be
absorbed and converted to electric power. Generator
torque is controlled through the frequency converter.
This control strategy allows the turbine rotor to
overspeed operation in strong, gusty winds, thereby
reducing torque loads in the drivetrain. Our variable
speed wind turbine converts the extra energy in wind
gusts to electric power. The GE turbine's operating
speed range is notably wider than the "slip" range used
by other technologies, which produce heat rather than
electric power when regulating power in strong, gusty
winds.
Active Damping
GE's variable speed system also provides active
damping of the entire wind turbine system, resulting in
considerably less tower oscillation when compared to
constant speed wind turbines. Active damping of the
machine also limits peak torque, providing greater
drivetrain reliability, reduced maintenance cost and
longer turbine life.
1.5 MW Series Wind Turbine
Proven Results ... Adaptable Solutions
When it comes to "megawatt-plus" technology,
our proven 1.5 MW wind turbine continues to
raise the bar. From ongoing technology
investments in reliability and efficiency, to
more cost effective and versatile
configurations, it need not rest on its past
successes. Today, with over 5,000 units in
operation worldwide, the 1.5MW continues to be
one of the world's most widely used wind
turbines in its class.
Features & Benefits
The 1.5 MW machine is active yaw and
pitch regulated with power/torque control
capability and an asynchronous generator. It
uses a bedplate drive train design where all
nacelle components are joined on a common
structure, providing exceptional durability.
The generator and gearbox are supported by
elastomeric elements to minimize noise
emissions.
GE offers quality manufacturing,
experienced power plant design and
engineering, development expertise, creative
financing options, experienced operations
and maintenance and responsive and reliable
customer service. Its wind technology has
been used in world-class projects around the
globe.
Product evolution - It is one
of the things that GE does best. Especially when
it comes to the next generation of wind
turbines. With the expertise of GE’s engineering
and global research team, a wealth of customer
feedback, and extensive knowledge gained from
manufacturing over 5,000 megawatt-plus wind
turbines, our new onshore 2.5MW machine raises
the bar when it comes to reliability and
customer value.
Features & Benefits
Improving on our 2.x MW Class design,
GE’s new 2.5xl units are designed with an
increased rotor size, offering higher energy
capture, reliability and efficiency.
Among its many benefits, the 2.5xl
employs an efficient permanent magnet
generator, enabling higher efficiency at low
wind speeds, resulting in increased Annual
Energy Yield.
GE’s unique integrated suite of controls
and electronics also provides a
sophisticated set of grid-friendly benefits
similar to conventional power plants. These
controls enable wind turbines to meet grid
codes and stay on-line supporting the grid,
even during severe grid disturbances.
Designed for advanced logistics, the
nacelle and tower dimensions of the 2.5xl
allow for transportation and installation
procedures comparable to standard 1.5MW
turbines.
A larger version of our proven 1.5 MW design,
the 3.6 MW machine was specifically designed for
high-speed wind sites. With a rotor diameter of
104 meters and a swept area of 8,495 square
meters, the new wind turbine is ideal for
offshore markets worldwide. Active yaw and pitch
regulated with power/torque control capability
and a double-fed asynchronous generator, it uses
a distributed drive train design where all
nacelle components are joined on a common
structure, providing exceptional durability. The
generator and gearbox are supported by
elastomeric elements to minimize noise
emissions.
Norwin is conducting research, development and
design of own technology for land based wind turbines and
the two following models are currently available:
- Wind turbine design 225 kW class: 366 put in operation
- Wind turbine design 750 kW class: 37 put in operation
- A 1.5 to 1.7 MW wind turbine is presently under
development and is expected to be ready in 2010
- A 15 to 20 kW wind turbine is presently under development
and is expected to be ready in 2009
Sale and Manufacture of wind turbines takes place from
own facilities and through partner agreements!
Technology cooperation with R&D communities and suppliers
is part of our technology development!
Special project execution requiring expertise knowledge
within load estimation and design i.e.: building integrated
wind energy and hybrid systems is a specialty of Norwin
Further information on the types and systems are found
from the following:
Norwin 46/47-ASR-600/750 is an ASR regulated wind turbine
with a rotor diameter of 46 or 47 m. The turbine uses LM
21.0P blades, which is the latest technological development
from LM Glasfiber. The blades can be feathered to obtain
optimal operational conditions at both at low and high wind
speed. This system together with our intelligent control we
call ASR - Active Stall Regulation.
ASR - Active Stall Regulation
The ASR wind turbines utilize the best things from both
the stall- and the pitch regulated wind turbines. The ASR
turbine has the same regulation possibilities as the pitch
regulated turbine, but by using the stall properties of the
blades the large load and power fluctuations that are
typical for a pitch regulated machine is avoided.
Why ASR?
By using ASR a lot of advantages are gained that a normal
stall regulated wind turbine cannot offer:
ASR will generally give a higher production because the
blade angle is optimized according to the actual wind speed.
At high wind speed the power is stabilized because
problems with air density changes, double-stall and change
in grid frequency are eliminated. This means that stand
still due to overproduction is avoided, and that the loads
on individual components, i.e. gearbox and generator is
minimized, resulting in a longer lifetime.
The possibility of feathering the blades at extreme wind
speeds means that the characteristic extreme loads are
decreased compared to a normal stall regulated turbine.
It is possible for the turbine to down-regulate the
produced power if the local grid has high loading. However,
this demands a special unit for grid surveillance.
With blade regulation it is possible to make a much
smoother cut-in to the grid at startup, and cut-out at shut
down. This will give much less noise on the grid in these
situations and at the same time extend the lifetime of the
turbine.
The possibility of reducing the power by feathering of
the blades means that the switch over between the small and
the large generator is taking place in a quiet and gentle
manner.
The ASR system is under constant development and
optimization i.e. through R&D activities supported by The
Danish Energy Agency and the European Commission.
ASR and the future!
The wind turbine manufacturers know that the future in
design of more efficient and more reliable wind turbines
lies in the development of better control strategies and
more effective blades. Using ASR the NORWIN turbine is in
front in both areas - today and in the future. With the wind
turbine as the centre, a long-term research and development
program on the ASR controller is being conducted. Some of
this work is made with co-financial support from the
European Commission's R&D programmes. It is worth noting
that not only the next generations of NORWIN turbines will
benefit from this work. The wind turbines produced today can
be upgraded with newer versions of 'intelligence'.
Brief descriptions of development work:
Power Optimisation:
The controller is developed to self-optimise the blade
angle control for wind speeds below rated power. The main
benefits are that no costly work and interference from
personnel is needed during the process of pitch angle
optimisation and that it is ensured that the turbine runs in
the most optimal configuration. Practical tests have shown
an energy production increase of more than 1%, after running
a test version of the power optimisation system.
Load control:
The load on a wind turbine can vary a lot from site to
site and development work is being conducted to develop a
Load Control system where the turbine is not only controlled
to reach the nominal power, but also is controlled according
to the loading history. The objective of using such a system
is to ensure the projected lifetime of major components or
to enable us to use these to a maximum within the projected
lifetime. The first phase of this work has been finalised,
with the development of the fundamental control scheme for
gearbox load control.
Laser Wind Measurements:
In co-operation with the National Institute of Ris� and
others, the development of a laser-based device for
measuring of the wind speed before it reaches the wind
turbine and a control strategy to utilise this knowledge is
being conducted. The potential of the system is to increase
the turbine efficiency and reduce the loading by taking
advantage of the knowledge about the incoming wind. Further
the system could make it easier to make power curve
measurements.
We do not stop here!
The blades have a crucial influence on the wind turbine
performance and despite the fact we use some of the most
modern and optimised blades we would like to do it even
better in the future. For this reason NORWIN is
participating in a project developing a blade especially
made for optimal performance with the ASR control strategy.
This means that the basic principles of ASR were taken into
consideration when designing the blade. The first test set
is now running on a NORWIN turbine. The work is supported by
The Danish Energy Agency funds for Developing Renewable
Energy.
Not all is new!
By using standard components both we and our customers
gain two great advantages: You are guaranteed to get a well
tested product and the customer is assured that spare parts
will be available in 15 years, if it should be necessary.
Examples on relatively standardised parts are: Gear,
generator, main bearing, blade bearings, yaw bearing, yaw
gearing, control modules and so on. It takes experience and
knowledge about wind turbine technology to choose the right
components and to combine these with the specially designed
parts that a modern wind turbine also consists of in a way
to achieve a product of high quality. That is why the 19
years of experience in construction and maintenance of wind
turbines has been used in the development of the NORWIN
46-ASR-600 kW / 750 kW wind turbines.
FEATURES OF DESIGN
Rotor:
The blades are made by LM Glasfiber A/S. Each blade is
mounted on an extender, - mounted on a four-point ball
bearing,- mounted on the hub. Each blade has stays connected
to the pitch mechanism inside the hub so that all three
blades acts simultaneously when pitching. The pitch actuator
is a hydraulic cylinder placed inside the hub. The hub is
mounted to the forged flange of the main shaft with bolts.
Main frame:
The main frame is a relatively flat welded design, which
provides access from the tower to the nacelle directly
through a manhole in the frame.
Shaft, bearing and gearbox arrangement:
The rotor, shaft and gearbox arrangement is designed to
be highly flexible for movements in the yaw and tilt
directions. The main shaft is connected to the main frame at
the front with a roller bearing and a bearing truss. The
main bearing absorbs the axial loads of the rotor. The rear
bearing is integrated in the gearbox, which is connected on
both sides to the main frame with a support including a
rubber element. In this way the system is supported at 3
places, making the forces run smoothly from the rotor and
into the tower. A large cooler with external fan cools the
gear oil while the oil is passing through a 10 micron
filtering unit.
Generator arrangement:
The generator is mounted to the main frame behind the
gear opposite to the main shaft and connected to the gear
via a flexible coupling. The standard generator is an
asynchronous double-wound, induction generator. Casing IP54.
The isolation is in accordance with classification F,
utilization with classification B.
Blade turning system:
The blade turning mechanism is placed inside the hub. The
actuator is a hydraulic cylinder, supplied by either a
hydraulic power package, including a proportional valve,
placed in the nacelle for normal operation, or a accumulator
system placed in the hub, for emergency operations. The
position transducer is placed in the hub parallel to the
cylinder. The power and control package has been placed in
the hub, to insure that the system is easy to adjust and
service. The hydraulic control lines from the power package
to the hub, is transferred through a rotating union placed
on the back of the gearbox. The necessary electrical control
lines are transmitted through slip-rings also placed on the
back of the gearbox. In an emergency situation, the primary
supply of hydraulic pressure will come from hydraulic
accumulators placed inside the hub. Placed here, the system
is well protected against a fire in the nacelle, and the
system will also work in case of a complete pressure drop in
the power package. The power package including separate
accumulator will serve as a secondary safety system.
Braking system:
The mechanical safety brake is mounted on the high-speed
shaft of the gearbox. The �fail safe� spring type disk brake
is activated instantly in an emergency situation. In the
normal situation the mechanical brake is only used to hold
the rotor, after the blades have brought it to stop. Hereby,
heavy loads on the gearbox are avoided during braking.
Activating the pitch system allows aerodynamic braking. At
normal braking the blades are pitched to 20� to take the
power from the rotor and slowly decrease the rotational
speed. A while after the rotor has stopped the blades will
return to the nominal position, to be ready for operation.
During emergency braking the blades are feathered, to make
it impossible for the rotor to catch speed even in an
extreme wind situation, and at the same time to decrease the
thrust on the rotor. When the blades are pitched to -85� the
mechanical brake is retracted so that the rotor is able to
run free. This is done to prevent high loads in the
transmission system at extreme wind situations. Running free
in the emergency pitch angle position the rotor will rotate
slowly with a speed of up to 2 rpm.
Yaw system:
The yaw system is a combined yaw brake and active yawing
system designed in a very flexible manner so that it is
possible to add additional yaw brakes or motors if the
turbine is to be erected on a very rough site. The
connection between the nacelle and the tower is through a
four-point ball bearing. The yaw drives are electrical
driven standard units consisting of an electrical motor with
brake included, a helical and a planetary gear. The number
of yaw drives can be determined by the conditions on the
site but is normally 4. Apart from the brakes in the yaw
drives, a hydraulic actuated disk brake system with a number
of positive brake caliber's is used. This system has a
separate warning system for leakage. The yaw drives are
actuated through soft starters, to equalize the torque
between the motors, and to prevent a high peak torque in the
starting situation.
Nacelle and cooling:
The nacelle is made of glass fiber with steel
reinforcements, and mounted to the main frame with steel
supports through rubber dampers. The nacelle will provide
standing height so that servicing may take place in
protected surroundings. Noise reducing ventilating ducts are
integrated.
Cooling and ventilation are controlled for nacelle,
gearbox, and generator. Through control of the cooling air
to and from the gear and the generator, the nacelle
temperature will generally be kept at a minimum of 7�C above
outside temperature, thus preventing condensation and
thereby corrosion.
Tower:
The tower is a closed, conical tube tower fabricated in
steel with a door at the bottom of the tower, and internal
ladder and platforms at the tower connections to ease
service at the connections points.
Controller:
The main control panel is placed at the bottom of the
tower. With the possibility of adjusting selected
parameters, authorized personnel can change operational
limits of the turbine directly on the front panel.
A stationary or portable additional control panel can be
mounted and connected to the top box in the nacelle for
manual control of the turbine, when servicing. A battery
back up system supplies the emergency light.
Safety surveillance will monitor possible faults in the
turbine and, if necessary, bring the turbine to a
standstill. Should the turbine come to a standstill due to
some unacceptable conditions, it will start up automatically
when proper conditions have been restored, e.g., after grid
failure. When faults require service, the turbine will not
be able to start up again until the fault has been
corrected.
One of the special features of the turbine is that it has
a number of back-up functions built in, and that the
controller utilizes the possibility to operate the turbine
even if a secondary system has broken down. This system
increases the availability and makes it easier to schedule
service of the turbine. If such an error appears a message
will appear on the screen and on a remote monitoring device.
The turbine is equipped with an external emergency
system, working independently from the electronic control
system supervising speed of rotor, nacelle vibrations and
manual emergency push buttons. A circuit breaker is
installed in the power section, disconnecting the turbine
from the grid in case of overload current or short circuit
current.
Noise:
According to experience, the high-speed shaft of the
gearbox and the rotor itself are the sources of eventual
noise problems from wind turbines. The rotor is the main
source for broad-spectrum noise, where the main problem with
the gear is pure tones. The gears used in the turbine are
designed from state of the art knowledge about how to build
low noise gears, and further, each gear is tested for noise
and vibration before accepted and installed into the
turbine. Ventilation air through the nacelle will go through
noise damped ducts, damping the air borne noise.
1. Rotor system
2. Transmission
3. Yaw system and mainframe
4. Nacelle cover
5. Tower
6. Hydraulic station (not shown)
7. Generator
8. Pitch system
Castle House London In this section
you can find numerous different information for download.
Most of it will require an Adobe pdf reader to be installed
on your computer:
Follow these links (return to this menu
by clicking at the headline):
Our patented vertical axis wind
turbine will provide superior, reliable service for many
years. It has taken much time to research, design,
develop and bring to market. It is simple in design and
will produce reliable electric production for your home
or small business.
All steel, fully welded frame
- We will happily provide you with a choice of
colors
- Our stand color is black
Stainless steel, fully welded
rotor supports
- Stainless steel will not rust and will provide
years of reliable service
- It also looks great
Stainless steel turbine shaft
- Stainless steel will not rust and will provide
years of reliable service
- It also looks great
Polycarbonate rotors
- Polycarbonate is is extremely durable and work in
extreme temperature ranges
- We also offer 3 choices of colors
Sealed bearings with grease
fittings, for long life
- These are easy to maintain via the accessible
grease fitting
Stainless steel balanced drive
shaft
- The shaft is balanced for vibration free
performance
- The solid Stainless steel shaft also acts as a
flywheel thereby improving efficiency
Fully assembled for ease of
installation
- We ship your Blackbird 1500 fully assembled for
easy installation
- Easy installation means reduced installation costs
- Simply level on the rooftop set the adjustable
roof mounting legs and bolt to your roof
Silent operation
- The Blackbird 1500 works at a slow rotational
speed
- Slow speed and sealed ball bearing make for a very
quiet running turbine
- You can stand right next to the Blackbird1500 and
you not hear it turning
Vibration free
- The precision balanced drive shaft and fully
welded construction deliver smooth performance
Low rpm
- This means, quiet, vibration free operation
Low start up in winds as low as 5
mph
- The Blackbird 1500 will produce 0.6 kw in a 5 mph
breeze
- This means efficiency, power production at start
up speed
Will not over rotate - no need
for braking
- The patented design limits the rotation by
increased drag the offset rotor design
Omni directional - accepts wind
from any direction
- The Blackbird 1500 rotates on a vertical axis
allowing is to take winds from all directions
Accepts turbulent roof top winds
- Because the Blackbird 1500 works on drag
principles it will work with turbulent winds
- Other turbines operate on lift which needs strong
steady wind
Roof mounting - no need for
unsightly/costly towers
- Towers are costly and increase installation costs
- Towers can also be unsightly
- In many communities there are restrictions that
prohibit towers and guy wires
- The Blackbird 1500 is often permitted when other
turbines are not
- Rooftop mounting makes the Blackbird 1500 perfect
for city, rural, or suburban homes
Designed specifically for roof
top mounting on most roofs
- The Blackbird 1500 can be mounted on virtually all
roofs
- It has fully adjustable legs that swivel to
accommodate all different roof slopes
- Simply level on your roof, set the legs and bolt
onto you roof
Pleasant appearance for
residential acceptability
- Many customers have commented that the Blackbird
1500 looks like a sculpture
- Imagine the stainless steel and polycarbonate
shimmering in the sun as it gently spins
Low maintenance
- Just grease the bearings once a year and your good
to go
Relatively light weight - only
250 lbs.
- At only 250 lbs. most roofs can easily support the
weight
Safe for wildlife - it appears as
a solid object to birds
- The low rotational speed and vertical axis make
the Blackbird 1500 appear as a solid object to birds and
other wildlife
Height:
81 inches - as tall as the
front door of your house
Width:
36 inches - as wide as the
front door of your house (most houses)
Kilowatt Production: 1.5 kw at rated speed
of 13 mph winds
Mounting: Specially designed for
roof mounting on most roofs. Can be mounted on roofs with a
12 x 12 pitch. Can also be mounted in the valley of a roof
or on a flat roof. Adjustable roof mounting legs included.
Weight:
250 pounds including the
alternator
Color: Standard color is black,
however other colors are available upon request. The
poly-carbonate rotors are smoke and are available in clear
and white.
Whisper 100 and 200
can beVoltage Configured, new Four Bearing
Spindle, Upgraded Yaw Shaft, now a very
Robust Wind Turbine
Patented
Angle governor--for High Winds
Whisper 100 formerly H-40 is a 900 WATT
The
Whisper 100 is designed to operate in a site with
medium to
high wind speed averages of 12 mph, 5.4 m/s, and
greater. The Whisper 100 provides 100+ kWh per month, 3.4
kWh per day, in a 12 mph average wind speed location. The
Whisper 100, with its 7 ft. (2.1m) rotor diameter and 40 sq.
ft. swept area, is rugged enough for extreme environments.
The redesigned Whisper 100 turbine incorporates a permanent
magnet brushless alternator, which combined with Whisper's
high efficiency composite airfoil blade design, delivers 900
watts peak power at 28 mph (12.5 m/s).
Applications - Stand-alone or
hybrid Telecommunication applications, remote home and ranch
applications, and off grid living.
New Controller
- 12-48vdc may be configured on the controller.The
Whisper 100 comes with the new Controller that offers
greater reliability and superior control for battery
charging. Its compact, safe cabinet design features easily
settable voltage regulation points, load dump and load dump
isolation from the battery. The price of the system includes
the H100 turbine and Controller.
controller available without wind turbine at this location:►
The robust Whisper 500 delivers serious energy for your
remote power needs. The Whisper 500 performs well in harsh,
high wind environments with it’s two-bladed,
fiberglass-reinforced design. Patented side furling
overspeed protection optimizes output at any wind speed.
Assuming a 12 mph (5.4 m/s) wind, a Whisper 500 will produce
as much as 500 kWh per month. That is enough energy to power
the about half the needs of average California home.
Maximum Output in Any Wind
Exclusive to the Whisper, the side-furling angle-governor
protects the turbine in high winds by turning the alternator
and blades out of the wind, reducing turbine exposure. This
angle-governor lets the Whisper 500 continue to safely spin
and deliver energy even in high winds.
Whisper Controller and Digital
Display
The
Whisper 500 ships complete with a controller and diversion
load, ensuring quiet, safe operation of your wind turbine
when the batteries are charged. The controller installs in
minutes and it protects both your wind turbine and battery
and easily fits inside your battery room.
Add the optional LCD display to instantly monitor
real-time data on the performance of your Whisper 500. The
display can be mounted on the controller or up to 1000 feet
(300 meters) away, so you can monitor performance in the
comfort of your home. You can even add an anemometer feed to
compare wind speed with turbine output to make sure you are
getting the most from your Whisper 500.
Towers and Installation
Southwest Windpower offers tower kits that include all
the cables and fasteners you will need. No welding or
machining is required – you just need to obtain pipe
material and power wires. We sell anchors separately.
The Whisper 500 is NOT for the novice. Installation of
the towers requires concrete foundations and at times a
crane to lift the wind turbine into place.
For more information, see the Whisper 500 tower manuals:
Whisper systems combine well with photovoltaic solar
panels to balance out fluctuating solar and wind resources.
Generally, winter months provide more wind and less
sunlight, while summer months provide more sunlight but less
wind. A hybrid system using a Whisper wind generator
provides year-round energy production.
Where to Buy
Our network of dealers around the world are ready to take
your order. Please see our
dealer locator to find the dealer closest to you.
Wind energy has been used
in Denmark for thousands of years for milling grain, pumping
water and other mechanical power applications. In Bangladesh
comprehensive study to explore wind power is not yet
completed. However LGED in collaboration with Bangladesh
University of Engineering and Technology (BUET) has
installed twenty Wind Monitoring Stations (WMS) throughout
the country. Locations of these WMSs are illustrated below.
Data collection is now on going. Objective of the study is
to deliver Wind Energy Resource Mapping (WERM) for the
country.
Primary result of this
study indicates a limited prospects of wind resources in the
main land because average velocity was found about 3-4 ms-1,
however in the coastal belt for a period of five to six
months wind speed was found 5-7 ms-1. Therefore low cut-in
speed wind turbine may be useful in that region. Furthermore
Bangladesh has about 700km long coastal belt, around 200km
hilly coast line and about 50 offshore islands where wind
energy could be a promising option.
Again BCSIR conducted a study at the St. Martin’s Island.
Their report [link to PDF report] shows a limited prospect
of wind energy at the island.
Furthermore Bangladesh Renewable Energy Research Centre (RERC)
has conducted solar and wind energy resource assessment
through SWERA project. Output of the study has been
illustrated in the following map.
Bangladesh Power Development Board (PDB) has installed
900kW wind generator at Muhori dam in Feni district in 2005.
PDB is now implementing 1MW wind generator at Kutubdia
island. On the other hand LGED has installed country’s first
Wind-Solar hybrid power unit at the St. Martin’s Island in
2006.