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Solar PV Design

 

PVsyst V 4.21

 

PVsyst V 4.21 software has been developed at the University of Geneva. This is an excellent package for design and analysis of a solar photovoltaic system. This software is oriented towards architects, engineers, researchers and holds very helpful tools for education. Both stand-alone and grid-connected PV as well as solar water pumping system could be designed by using PVsyst.

 

Free trial version of PVsyst could be downloaded from web http://www.pvsyst.com . The program will run in evaluation mode for ten days after that it will run on demo mode. To get a licensed copy of PVsyst, detail information is available on the web.

 

RETScreen

 

RETScreen software has been developed by Natural Resources Canada (NRCan), This is a pre-feasibility analysis software for renewable energy projects. It is available free of charge on the web http://www.uneptie.org/energy/tools/rets/index.htm
RETScreen package could be used to evaluate the annual energy production, costs and financial viability of the following renewable energy technologies (RETs):

  1. Wind energy
  2. Small hydro
  3. Photovoltaics
  4. Solar air heating
  5. Biomass heating
  6. Solar water heating
  7. Passive solar heating
  8. Ground source heat pumps

 

 

 

SOLAR HOME SYSTEMS

Manual for the design and modification of Solar Home System components

M.R. Vervaart

F.D.J. Nieuwenhout

2 ECN-C--00-019

Preface

This manual was produced by ECN in the framework of the World Bank project: Mitigating

Global Climate Change through the Development of a Quality Process Infrastructure for

Renewable Energy (QuaP-PV). This manual forms the basis of a training course for engineers

who will be involved in the design and modification of solar home system equipment. The

current text is a modified and extended version of a manual used in a similar training exercise

provided by ECN at Hefei University in China in March and April 1999, in the framework of

the China Renewable Energy Project of the World Bank.

The authors would like to thank Enno Heijndermans of the World Bank for funding the work

and for providing guidance in formulating the manual. We would like to thank Jeroen van

Twisk, Jan Pierik and Jaap Eikelboom of ECN for their detailed comments which have

improved the text.

CONTENTS

Abbreviations and special terms……………………………………………………………….5

1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................ 6

1.1 BACKGROUND................................................................................................................................. 6

1.2 OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................................................... 6

1.3 SCOPE OF WORK.............................................................................................................................. 6

2. EXPERIENCE WITH SOLAR HOME SYSTEMS....................................................................... 8

2.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 8

2.2 NON-TECHNICAL ASPECTS RELEVANT FOR SYSTEM SIZING AND DESIGN .......................................... 9

2.2.1 Costs...................................................................................................................................... 9

2.2.2 Ownership ............................................................................................................................ 10

2.2.3 After sales services ............................................................................................................... 10

2.2.4 Feed-back from field experience .......................................................................................... 11

2.2.5 Environmental issues............................................................................................................ 11

2.3 TECHNICAL ASPECTS...................................................................................................................... 11

2.3.1 System losses ........................................................................................................................ 11

2.3.2 Sizing of the PV-module ....................................................................................................... 13

2.3.3 Sizing of components............................................................................................................ 14

2.3.4 Modularity........................................................................................................................... 14

2.4 SOLAR HOME SYSTEM COMPONENTS............................................................................................. 15

2.4.1 Modules ............................................................................................................................... 15

2.4.2 Module Support Structure .................................................................................................... 17

2.4.3 Battery Charge Regulator .................................................................................................... 17

2.4.4 Battery ................................................................................................................................. 18

2.4.5 Battery Mounting.................................................................................................................. 21

2.4.6 Lamps, ballasts and fixtures................................................................................................. 21

2.4.7 Wiring, Switches and Outlets ............................................................................................... 22

2.4.8 Inverters ............................................................................................................................... 23

3. LIGHTING IN SOLAR HOME SYSTEMS ................................................................................. 24

3.1 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR LIGHTS........................................................................................... 24

3.1.1 Types of lighting ................................................................................................................... 24

3.1.2 Luminous flux ....................................................................................................................... 26

3.1.3 Luminous efficacy................................................................................................................. 27

3.1.4 Illuminance.......................................................................................................................... 27

3.1.5 Measurements of luminous flux ............................................................................................ 28

3.2 FLUORESCENT LAMP INVERTERS (FLI) .......................................................................................... 30

3.2.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................... 30

3.2.2 Working principle of a fluorescent light............................................................................... 30

3.2.3 Blackening of the fluorescent lamp ...................................................................................... 32

3.2.4 Lamp inverters with one or two transistors.......................................................................... 34

3.2.5 Different transistor set-ups................................................................................................... 37

3.2.6 Polarity protection ............................................................................................................... 43

3.2.7 FET versus Transistor .......................................................................................................... 44

3.2.8 Effect of filament preheating ................................................................................................ 45

3.2.9 Critical components and component quality ........................................................................ 47

3.2.10 Inductance calculation of the transformer coil ................................................................ 53

3.2.11 EMC & PCB-design......................................................................................................... 56

4. CHARGE REGULATORS............................................................................................................. 59

4.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 59

4.2 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF WORK.................................................................................................. 60

4.3 DESIGN IDEAS ............................................................................................................................... 60

4.3.1 Series / shunt type regulators: Pros and cons ...................................................................... 60

4.3.2 Positive switching / negative switching ................................................................................ 62

4 ECN-C--00-019

4.3.3 HVD-Switching in the battery-line: pros and cons...............................................................64

4.3.4 On-Off- charging / PWM- charging .....................................................................................65

4.3.5 Boost Charging.....................................................................................................................69

4.3.6 Special function IC’s ............................................................................................................70

4.3.7 Digital or analogue set-up....................................................................................................72

4.4 MODIFICATION POINTS...................................................................................................................73

4.4.1 Quiescent current reduction .................................................................................................73

4.4.2 Safety precautions: reverse polarity protection....................................................................75

4.4.3 Reduction of the number of components...............................................................................76

4.4.4 Safety precautions: overload protection / short circuit protection.......................................76

4.4.5 Lightning surge induction.....................................................................................................78

4.4.6 Oscillation problems without battery ...................................................................................80

5. DC/AC CONVERSION...................................................................................................................82

5.1 SCOPE OF WORK............................................................................................................................82

5.2 TYPES OF INVERTER: PRINCIPLES...................................................................................................83

5.3 DC-VOLTAGE SUPPLY IMPERFECTION. INPUT FILTER ...................................................................87

5.4 SINGLE-PHASE INVERTERS TOPOLOGIES ........................................................................................90

5.4.1 Single-Phase Inverter with Centre-Tapped Transformer .....................................................90

5.4.2 Single-Phase Half-Bridge Inverter .......................................................................................91

5.4.3 Single-Phase Full-Bridge Inverter........................................................................................92

5.5 GALVANIC ISOLATION....................................................................................................................93

5.6 COMPARISON OF THE REQUIRED COMPONENTS AND CHARACTERISTICS .......................................96

5.7 SQUARE-WAVE VERSUS PWM SWITCHING.....................................................................................97

5.7.1 Square-wave switching principle..........................................................................................97

5.7.2 PWM switching scheme ........................................................................................................97

5.8 SEMI-CONDUCTOR SWITCHES AND DRIVER CIRCUITS .....................................................................99

5.8.1 Semiconductor-switches .......................................................................................................99

5.8.2 Gate and base drive circuits ...............................................................................................100

5.9 COMPONENT TEMPERATURE CONTROL AND HEAT SINKS..............................................................109

5.9.1 Control of semiconductor device temperatures ..................................................................109

5.9.2 Heat transfer by conduction ...............................................................................................109

5.10 EXAMPLES ...............................................................................................................................112

5.10.1 150VA HF inverter.........................................................................................................112

5.10.2 DC/AC Isolated Battery inverter using the integrated circuit HIP4082 ........................114

6. ADVISORY SERVICES BODY FOR IMPROVING BOS-COMPONENTS..........................117

6.1 ESTABLISHING AN ADVISORY SERVICES BODY .............................................................................117

6.2 PROCEDURES OF AN ADVISORY SERVICES BODY...........................................................................117

7. PRACTICAL PART OF THE TRAINING COURSE...............................................................119

7.1 FLUORESCENT LAMP INVERTERS..................................................................................................119

7.1.1 Measuring fluorescent lamp inverters ................................................................................119

7.1.2 Modifications.....................................................................................................................120

7.2 CHARGE REGULATORS .................................................................................................................120

7.2.1 General..............................................................................................................................120

7.2.2 Measurements....................................................................................................................121

7.2.3 Modifications.....................................................................................................................121

7.3 DC/AC-CONVERTERS ..................................................................................................................122

7.3.1 General..............................................................................................................................122

7.3.2 Measurements at DC/AC-converters ..................................................................................122

7.3.3 Modifications.....................................................................................................................123

Appendix 1 to 10…………………………………………………………………………………………125

 

 
 
 
 
 

Download Manual for the design and modification of Solar Home System components

Use of direct current output from PV system building

 

 

 

Photovoltaic software

"Programming today is a race between software engineers striving to build bigger and better idiot-proof programs, and the Universe trying to produce bigger and better idiots. So far, the Universe is winning."
(Rich Cook)

Rockingham concentrator PV system Rockingham concentrator PV system Rockingham concentrator PV system Rockingham concentrator PV system Rockingham concentrator PV system

Rockingham concentrator photovoltaic system.
(source/copyright: Centre for Sustainable Energy Systems, Australian National University - CSES)

Where are you: Home > Software

Software in photovoltaics can be used as planning or as monitoring tool. Many interesting software planning tools you may find in a table below. Photovoltaic system monitoring is a combination of hardware (dataloggers) and software tools. Yield analysis is usualy also part/task of such monitoring system. Standard options are local or remote monitoring (via web for example). New monitoring service available in Europe is SPYCE (Satellite Photovoltaic Yield Control & Evaluation). It is a result of several years research and development (EU-project PVSAT). For more information about monitoring solutions please visit:

   Meteocontrol and
   SPYCE web pages.

If you are interested in inverter related software tools (inverter planning or monitoring) please visit inverter section where you will find further information and some useful links.

Some additional links to shading related software tools are available also in shading section. Some interesting on-line site analysis related tools - sun path charts for example - you may reach via links available in site analysis section.

Other topics: Economics > Site analysis > Shading > Inverters

Simulation tools

Trnsys

TRNSYS - (TRaNsient SYstem Simulation Program) is an energy simulation program whose modular system approach makes it one of the most flexible tools available. It includes a graphical interface, a simulation engine, and a library of components that range from various building models to standard HVAC equipment to renewable energy and emerging technologies. TRNSYS also includes a method for creating new components that do not exist in the standard package. This simulation package has been used for more than 25 years for HVAC analysis and sizing, multizone airflow analyses, electric power simulation, solar design, building thermal performance, analysis of control schemes, etc. A special library of components is available to simulate renewable energy-based power generation: PV systems, batteries, wind turbines, fuel cells.

INSEL

INSEL - is software for planning, monitoring and visualising energy systems. For this purpose INSEL provides state-of-the-art functions in the form of blocks that can be linked to a concrete solution, for example for simulating meteorological data, electrical and thermal energy components etc.

HOMER

HOMER - is a computer model that simplifies the task of evaluating design options for both off-grid and grid-connected power systems for remote, stand-alone, and distributed generation (DG) applications.

Economical evaluation tools

 

greenius - bei greenius handelt es sich um eine sehr leistungsfähige Simulationsumgebung zur Berechnung und Analyse regenerativer Kraftwerksprojekte wie solarthermischer Parabolrinnen-Kraftwerke, Photovoltaikanlagen, Windparks, Brennstoffzellen oder Dish/Stirling-Systemen (german language only).

 

SOLinvest - umfangreiche Software zur Planung und Wirtschaftlichkeitsberechnung von PV-Anlagen. Beinhaltet eine Solar-Strahlungskarte des Deutschen Wetterdienstes, berücksichtigt verschiedene Kredite der KfW und die Konditionen des aktuellen EEG. Die Ergebnisse können als Tabelle oder als 3D-Diagramme ausgegeben werden (german language only).

 

RETScreen® - RETScreen® International is a clean energy awareness, decision-support and capacity building tool. The core of the tool consists of a standardised and integrated clean energy project analysis software that can be used world-wide to evaluate the energy production, life-cycle costs and greenhouse gas emission reductions for various types of energy efficient and renewable energy technologies (RETs).

Photovoltaic systems - analysis and planning

f-chart Software

PV F-CHART - is a comprehensive photovoltaic system analysis and design program. The program provides monthly-average performance estimates for each hour of the day. The calculations are based upon methods developed at the University of Wisconsin which use solar radiation utilizability to account for statistical variation of radiation and the load.

System Types: utility interface systems, battery storage system, stand-alone aystems.
Tracking Options: fixed, 1 and 2-axis tracking, concentrators.
Features: Weather data for over 300 locations, weather data can be added, extremely fast execution, hourly load profiles for each month, statistical load variation, buy/sell cost differences, time-of-day rates for buy/sell, life-cycle economics with cash flow, monthly parameter variation, english and SI units, graphical and numerical output.

PV Design Pro, Maui Solar Software Corp

PV-DesignPro - is a suite of Windows 95, 98, NT, and Win2000 compatible software designed to simulate photovoltaic energy system operation on an hourly basis for one year, based on a user selected climate and system design.  Three versions of the PV-DesignPro program are included on the Solar Design Studio CD-ROM: "PV-DesignPro-S" for standalone systems with battery storage, "PV-DesignPro-G" for grid-connected systems with no battery storage, and "PV-DesignPro-P" for water pumping systems.

 

Laplace System - Company Laplace System offers diverse high-tech solar and wind related software tools. The most known product is photovoltaic simulation software "Solar Pro". It is also suitable for exact shadowing analysis. Other tools are "Solar Link", "Kaze Pro" and "Wind Link" for wind energy systems.

PVsol

PV*SOL - is a programme for the design, planning and simulation of photovoltaic systems. The calculations are based on an hourly data balance and results can be presented in graphic form, in a detailed project report or in a results summary. Overview of product features:

Utility grid connected and stand-alone systems.
Any number of panels set up at varying angles.
Shading from the horizon and other objects (houses, trees, etc).
Use of various makes of PV modules and inverters within a system.
Monitoring of PV modules and inverters when running under full capacity.
Module, string and system inverters manufacturer and weather databases.
Determination of electricity consumption through profiles.
Full flexibility in inputting charge rates for electricity use and supply to utility.
Detailed information on power production/consumption, costs and financial return.
Economic efficiency calculation.

 

Pvcad - is a computer tool for fast and efficient planning of PV facades. Only german version available.

 

PVSYST - is a PC software package for the study, sizing, simulation  and data analysis of complete PV systems. It is suitable for grid-connected, stand-alone and DC-grid (public transport) systems, and offers an extensive meteorological and PV-components database. This software is oriented towards architects, engineers, and researchers, and holds very helpful tools for education.

 

PV Professional - is software tool for planning of photovoltaic systems on flat or sloped roofs (german language).

KeryChip

Kerychip - offers photovoltaic sizing calculations programs for stand alone and grid-connected systems. Demo versions available for download.

 

Tetti FV - Photovoltaic software for simulation and design of grid connected systems (italian language).

 

Solar Radiation Calculator - SolRC is a simple FREE educational worksheet tool for use with MS Excel or StarOffice (Win or Linux). It calculates solar insolation on tilted toward south oriented surfaces. Literature for further study and brief explanations are also available. You may download the worksheets (right click for download):

Solar Radiation Calculator MS xls format
Readme file

Monitoring and control tools

 

Meteocontrol - safer´Sun is a tool for local and/or remote monitoring of photovoltaic systems.

Languages: de Webmaster's choice
Webmaster's choice - interesting local and remote monitoring tool.

 

SPYCE - is a result of EU PVSAT project. SPYCE (Satellite Photovoltaic Yield Control & Evaluation) is a sattelite based tool for remote monitoring and solar yield analysis of photovoltaic systems.

SPYCE (Satellite Photovoltaic Yield Control & Evaluation) is based on more than ten years of research by well-known European institutions. The SPYCE methodology was developed by the EU project PVSAT. Some of SPYCE's features are: Automatic failure detection and alarm dramatically minimizes any down time. Failures may be detected before expiry of warranty. No on-site radiation measurements are required. The SPYCE website allows access to the system's yields, reference values and analyses at any time. SPYCE is based on the latest EU research results. Data from the latest generation of weather satellites is employed. Data flow and the web portal are adaptable to the requirements of different manufacturers of PV systems and inverters. SPYCE is a service designed and provided by METEOTEST, a Swiss company, internationally known for its meteorological expertise. METEOTEST is independent of PV system manufacturers.

Languages: de gb Webmaster's choice
Webmaster's choice - interesting new monitoring tool.

Tools for site analysis

 

GOSOL - Das solar + energetische Simulationsprogramm für städtebauliche Planungen.

Comprehensive tool intended for detailed site analysis, included building shape and vegetation shading analysis. Suitable for urban planning and detailed architecture studies (german language only).

 

METEONORM - Global Meteorological Database for Solar Energy and Applied Meteorology. METEONORM is a comprehensive climatological database for solar energy applications: a meteorological database containing comprehensive climatological data for solar engineering applications at all points of the globe between the polar circles; a computer program for climatological calculations; a data source for engineering design programs in the passive, active and photovoltaic application of solar energy with comprehensive data interfaces; a standardization tool permitting developers and users of engineering design programs access to a comprehensive, uniform data basis.

 

Panorama master - with "Panorama master" you can make exact matched set of photos - base for panorama picture (see also "Horizon" below).

 

Horizon - software simulates sun path diagrams for arbitrary latitude.

 

HORIcatcher - HORIcatcher is an easy and fast tool to take outdoor pictures of the horizon. The pictures can be used to determine the solar energy input, sunshine duration and sun exposure reduced by obstacles like trees, houses or mountains. HORIcatcher is supplied with a digital camera.

 

Sombrero - A PC-tool to calculate shadows on arbitrarily oriented surfaces. For both, active use of solar energy (domestic hot water, photovoitaics) as well as for passive solar architecture, shading or lighting of planes plays an important role SOMBRERO provides quantitative results for the shading of collectors or windows by buildings, trees, overhangs or the horizon.

Web sites with on-line tools

 

PV Potencial Estimation Utility for estimation of electricity generated for predefined location (country and city) is available on IES web pages. Calculations for european teritory, Mediteranian region and Africa are available.

The tool offers many different calculation options:

PV potencial with given inclination and orientation
Calculation of optimal inclination for given orientation
Calculation of optimal inclination and orientation

Languages: gb

 

Logiciel CalSol Estimation de l'énergie solaire disponible pour une application énergétique

Languages: fr

 

Seneca Software & Solar, Inc. - Wiresizing spreadsheet and some other tools available. Many links to useful open source projects also available.

Languages: gb

   
   

 

More than 500 renewable energy and conservation projects you can build.
 

Conservation

Energy Conservation - Insulate and Weatherize - Efficient Appliances ... Consering, recycling, and reusing water  

Solar

 

Thermal

Solar Passive Home Design, Construction, and plans Solar Space Heating of All Kinds DIY Solar Water Heaters of All Types
Passive and Efficient home  Cooling Techniques DIY Solar Sunspaces and Greenhouses DIY Solar Pool and hot tub heating

Solar

Electric

Solar Photovoltaic (PV) applications large and small DIY Wind Powered Electricity Generation DIY Small Hydro Electric Power and Water Motors

Bio Fuels

DIY BioFuels, Veggie oil, Wood Gas, Methane Generation DIY infromation on BioFuels -- making them an using them DIY plans for methane generators

Solar

Cooking

Many DIY plans Solar Cooking and Baking DIY plas for Solar Food Dryers  

More

 

Solar

 
DIY plans for simple, cheap renewable energy projects Solar Daylighting and efficient lighting Solar Powered Water Pumping of All Kinds
Fun Solar and Renewable Energy Projects for Kids Solar and efficient bikes, sooters, cars -- DIY plans DIY Concentrating Solar Collectors
Solar Powered Engines -- Sterling etc. Hard to describe, but interesting, solar projects Many DIY plans for Solar Wood Drying Kilns

 

Free plans and information on: Conservation, water, solar homes, solar space heating, solar water heating, passive cooling techniques, solar sunspaces and greenhouses, solar pool heating, solar electricity (PV), wind generated electricity, micro hydro, biofuels, methane generators, solar cooking, solar food drying, solar and efficient vehicles, solar water pumping, solar engines, and solar wood drying.

 

Passive Home Design Guidelines
Passive Solar Energy Book

Bruce Anderson and Malcolm Wells

 

 

A great book covering passive solar basics, passive solar design, and building of passive solar heating and cooling projects such as solar rooms, solar windows, solar walls, and solar thermosyphon collectors.

A free download thanks to the authors.

Passive Solar Heating and Cooling Manual

Arizona Solar Center

http://www.azsolarcenter.com

A good overview of passive solar heating and cooling techniques.  Not very quantitative, but gives a good overview of the techniques used for passive heating and cooling, and how they work.  Good place to start.  Other interesting materials on this site.
Path to Passive -- Nebraska's Passive Solar Primer,
Solar Associates, Ltd.
Chen, Hollingsworth, Pedersen, Maloney, Stangl, Thorp, and Rives

Download the book from the Nebraska Energy Office ...
 

 

This is a very easy reading and well written 1982 book on passive solar home design.  It starts out at a very fundamental level, and works its way up to detailed design procedures.

It is aimed at Nebraska, but the material is applicable to cold climate areas over a lot of the US.  It has a wider variety of solar designs than most newer books have.

(Thanks to Ed H. (one of the authors) for suggesting this)


Solar Site Survey...

 

If you are going to do a solar project, you need to do a Solar Site Survey to make sure that your site gets enough sun during the right times of year to make the project work.
This free and simple survey only takes an hour and is fun and educational.

Its a must do for any type of solar project!
Home Sweet Solar Home -- A Passive Solar Design Primer

Ken Olson and Joe Schwartz

How to get articles from Home Power ...

Home Power magazine article, issue 90

A very good primer on how to design a passive solar home.  A good place to start.

Checklist To Determine Energy Efficiency of A Home,
Leona Hawks, Utah State University Extension

Checklist (pdf)

A checklist of things to look for or include in an energy efficient home.  Covers everything from passive solar layout to energy efficient appliances. 
Fairy high level but useful.
High level design guidelines for passive solar heating and cooling

http://www.greenbuilder.com/sourcebook/

High level design guidelines for passive solar heating and cooling.
The Solar House

Daniel Chiras

Good book on passive home design.  Goes through the same sort of design guidelines as the refs above, but in more detail.  Covers a number of alternative strategies for passive design, and gives a good feel for the pros and cons of living in a passive solar design house.  He stops a bit short of providing a full quantitative passive home design procedure, but the book is much more useful than the general design guidelines in the references above.  Published in 2002.
The Natural House -- A Complete Guide to Healthy, Energy-Efficient, Environmental Homes

Daniel Chiras

 

 

Another very good book by Chiras that emphasizes not only energy efficiency, but also sustainable construction and living.  Covers Rammed Earth, Straw Bale, Earthships, Cordwood, Log Homes construction methods.  Also covers using sustainable materials in construction, and sustainable systems for water and waste.   This book has what I would call a mid level of detail -- its not enough to go out a build a home without more work, but its a good deal more than is provided in the common "overview" books.  470 pages.  Published in 2000.
Green From the Ground Up - A Builders Guide
David Johnson and Scott Gibson

 

A good and up-to-date construction oriented book on building energy efficient and green homes.

Fairly nuts and bolts coverage of what's green and energy efficient in foundations, framing, HVAC, insulation, electrical, plumbing, ...


323 page, $25

The Energy Efficient House

Solar Today Magazine

Richard Crume

Solar Today Magazine article, Sep/Oct 2005.  Richard describes the process they went through in designing an energy efficient home that incorporates solar passive heating and cooling, solar water heating, and many energy conservation features.  It is the best article of its type I have seen -- highly recommended!

Read the full article

Design a Home That Keeps You Cool, Naturally,
William S. Hoffman,
Fine Homebuilding Magazine, Issue 165, Sept 2004

 

How to get articles from Fine Homebuilding ...
 

 

Very good article from Fine Homebuilding that details how to design a house for hot climates that minimizes the need for mechanical air conditioning.

Techniques such as shielding from sun, using breezes, good material choices, open plan, ... are described.

 

First UK Zero-Emission Home Unveiled

news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6735715.stm

 

Another article with good refs at bottom:
www.nbsgreenconstruction.com/articles/lowZeroCarbon.asp

Another article:
http://business.timesonline.co.uk...

The UK is going to require that new homes be carbon emissions neutral by 2016.

This is one of the early cuts at such a home.

It will be interesting to see the designs that come out of this requirement.

Passive Solar Homes -- 91 new award-winning, energy-conserving single family home plans,
U. S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 1982

The Plans

 

This is (I think) a really interesting and useful collection of passive solar home plans.
It came out of a competition that HUD sponsored in 1982 for passive solar home designs.  These 91 award winning plans were selected from more than 500 entries by builders, designers, and architects.
This was a very active time in passive solar home design, and the plans show a high level of innovation. 
This is the first 30 -- rest to come as time allows.
The Florida Solar Cracker House

http://www.phys.ufl.edu/%7Eliz/home.html

 

 

 

Very interesting description of a north Florida house.  A passive solar home design philosophy that works well in this difficult climate is described.  The house includes solar electric and waste water treatment and reuse systems, which are also detailed.

Build a Solar Home and Let the Sunshine In

Dan Chiras

Mother Earth News

http://www.motherearthnews.com

Mother Earth News Article, Issue 193

A good set of guidelines for building a successful passive solar house.  Also includes actual examples of the cost of passive features and the yearly savings achieved.

A Water Wall Solar Design Manual (2 MB pdf)
David Bainbridge
Marshall Goldsmith School of Management

 

 

Water walls offer cost effective, efficient, and aesthetically pleasing thermal storage for passive solar heating systems.  This design manual covers many types of water walls, and shows how they can be used in solar designs to provide thermal mass.

David is also the author of this fine book on batch water heaters

"A Tiny Home To Call Your Own"

Patricia Foreman and Andy Lee

www.GoodEarthPublications.com

 

This is a really fine book on all aspects of "tiny homes".  It covers tiny home plans, lifestyles, Do-It-Yourself, clutter control, tiny home communities, and provides many stories from people who built a tiny home and live in it.

This book makes some very good arguments for the simplicity, cost, livability, and consideration for the planet that small homes bring.

Small, Efficient, and Beautiful

Energy Source Builder Newsletter

http://www.oikos.com/esb/52/smallefficient.html

 

 

Good article from the Energy Source Builder Newsletter with many practical and specific guidelines on building smaller homes that work well and seem spacious.
Earthships 

 

More on Earthships...

 

 

Michael Reynolds Earthship design has: passive solar heating, solar water heating, rain water harvesting, solar electric, grey water recycling, and black water treatment.   It also makes use of rejected and recycled materials.  It not only does all of these things, but it appears to do all of them well. 
"Ship" seems like a good name in that it can operate independently of the world, except that, unlike many actual ships, it does not pollute its surroundings.  
I have to admit I was skeptical of these designs for a long time.  It took a while to get used to some of the unusual approaches, but I think its the real deal and deserves serious attention.  Even if you decide to go a different direction there is much to learn from these designs.
More on Earthships...

New Home Construction Green Building guidelines,
Alameda County Waste Management Authority and Global Green USA

www.globalgreen.org/media/publications/guidebook_insides.pdf

 

This 48 page guide for green building in Alameda County, CA offers a lot of good advice and ideas for green building.  It should serve as a good checklist to see if you have covered all your bases.

While intended for a specific area, most of the advice is widely applicable -- one exception being the rather low insulation levels they reccomend.
A Guide To Building and Planning Solar Homes  -- Solar Homes for North Carolina II

A Design Competition Planbook • June 1999

Energy Division, North Carolina Department of Commerce

38 Page Guide and Plans (3.1 MB pdf)

A 38 page guide to passive solar home design and concept level plans for nine solar homes.  Written for North Carolina, the homes emphasize a careful balance between solar space heating in winter and overheat protection in the summer -- should be applicable to other parts of the SE.
A Builders Guide to Energy Efficient Homes in Georgia

From Southface.org

http://www.southface.org

 

 

 

Very good and very detailed guide on building energy efficient homes in the south.  158 pages of great stuff.

Wish other states would follow this lead.

The Passive Solar House

Jame Kachadorian

A book on passive solar home design.   It goes a step beyond the high level design guides to provide some manageable methods to estimate how well your design will perform.  Published in 1997.
I believe there is a new version about to come out that includes some solar design software.  I have not had  chance to look at the new version.
Designing Shading Overhangs with Google SketchUp

http://www.sketchup.com/

Caution:  The free version of SketchUP does not allow you enter your latitude.  For the sun model they assume a latitude of about 40 degrees North.  This means if your latitude is near 40 degrees, the shadows will be accurate.  However, errors in the sun's elevation and azimuth will increase as you go north or south of 40 degrees.  Within the US (latitude 25 to latitude 50), the elevation angles can be off by up to about 12 degrees.  Azimuth angles (particularly for south areas) can be off by as much as 40 degrees.

SketchUp is a free 3D drawing tool from Google.  In addition to being exceptionally easy to use as a general purpose drawing tool, it offers a built in sun.  You can easily draw a wall with a window and overhang, and play the sun over it for various times of day and times of year. 
It could also be used to layout your whole house (with trees and sunspaces), and see how the sun plays over it.
VERY easy to learn.
The Energy Source Builder newsletter

 

http://www.oikos.com/esb/51/passivecooling.html

See also the section on Passive Cooling for more passive cooling techniques for homes.

 

A very good article that provides a simple method to allow you to determine which passive cooling techniques are best for your climate.

This article is based on the  book "Sun, Wind and Light" (see next item).

The method requires some temperature and humidity data for your climate -- these data can be found here: http://ols.nndc.noaa.gov/plolstore/plsql/olstore.prodspecific?prodnum=C00095-PUB-A0001

Sun, Wind and Light -- Architectural Design Strategies, 2nd Edition

G. Z. Brown and Mark DeKay

Details on a large number of specific design strategies for making effective use of the sun and wind, and natural lighting.  It includes quantitative analysis techniques for each strategy.  Intended for architects, but quite readable.  Covers commercial buildings as well as residences.

2001 400 pages

WHOLE-HOUSE
ENERGY CHECKLIST
50 Steps to Energy Efficiency in the Home

SouthFace at http://www.southface.org

Checklist (122K pdf)

 

A good detailed checklist to use while designing and building and energy efficient home.  Covers both heating and cooling climates.

Some very good ideas, and a good way to make sure important steps in an energy conscious design don't get overlooked.

Other good things on the Southface website.

Design: Solar Heating Of Buildings and Domestic Hot Water

MIL-HNBK 1003/13A (1.6MB pdf)

 

170 page mil handbook on solar heating -- starts with general descriptions, but goes on to cover solar space heating and water heating in some depth.  Covers both active and passive schemes.  Its a bit dry in the style of MIL-HNDBKs, but it has a lot of good information, and the price is right!
Guides to Selecting New or Replacement Windows If you are selecting windows for a new house, take a look at this section.

 

Landscaping for Energy Efficiency:
Energy-Saving Landscaping for Your Passive Solar Home, NC Solar Center (pdf)

www.sustland.umn.edu/design/energysaving.html

http://www.eere.energy.gov

Designing Tree Wind Breaks:
University of Missouri Extension:
http://muextension.missouri.edu

Purdue University Extension:
www.ces.purdue.edu/extmedia/FNR/FNR-38.pdf

 

Information on landscaping for energy efficiency.  "Carefully positioned trees can save up to 25% of household's energy consumption".

 

Passive Solar Home Design Software
After you have absorbed the guidelines above, and roughed out your new solar home design, you may be able to check its thermal performance with simulation software.
HEED

http://www2.aud.ucla.edu/heed/

 

Additional documentation:

http://www2.aud.ucla.edu/energy-design-tools/papers.html

 

 

This is very easy to use, yet very capable simulation software for estimating the energy/thermal performance of a passive solar or conventional home.  Weather files for over 500 worldwide locations.  While it initially appears almost too simple, by using the "advanced tab" it can handle a wide variety of situations.  It uses a one hour simulation time step, and weather files that cover a full year of typical weather.  It has been carefully validated.  It is limited to 1 zone, and does not handle sunspaces.  It is a free download.
Passive Solar Design Software See the Solar Analysis area of the References section for other software tools that can be used for passive solar home design.
Best Practices Manuals
Solar homes work much, much, much better with an outer shell that is well insulated and does not leak cold air in.   This is probably the most important element of getting a solar home to work well.
NAHB's Model Green Home Building Guidelines
National Association of Home Builders, 2006

Green Home Building Guidelines (4MB pdf)

 

A 156 page set of guidelines for builders who want to build green homes.  Starts with high level guiding principles, such as site design, energy efficiency, and resource efficiency.  It then provides very concrete advice on how to achieve these principles.  
Overall, its up-to-date, provides both high level guiding principles and detailed how-to, and covers the whole process of house planning, site layout, and building.
Insulation Guides  -- Building a well insulated and Tight Shell for Your Home

The DOE-EERE Insulation Guide Series:

Insulation Overview (pdf 2MB)

Insulating Ceilings/Attics (pdf 0.1MB)

Wall Framing (pdf 0.8MB)
Insulating Walls (pdf 0.8MB)

Insulating Basements (pdf 0.2MB)
Insulating Crawl Spaces (pdf 0.2MB)
Insulating Slabs (pdf 0.2MB)

Window Selection (pdf 0.5 MB)

Air Sealing (pdf 0.2MB)
Weather Barriers (pdf 0.2MB)

This is a good and up-to-date series of guides from DOE-EERE site for building an outer shell on your home that minimizes heat transfer.
I guess my one bit of advice would be to go a bit further than they recommend for your climate, because experience shows that in a while (as fuel prices climb) they will be recommending higher levels.

 

Other DOE-EERE publications here:
www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/info/publications.html

Building America Best Practices Series

Building America -- Department of Energy

V1 - Hot-Humid Climates (pdf)
V2 - Hot-Dry Climates (pdf)
V3 - Cold and Very Cold Climates (pdf)
V4 - Mixed-Humid Climate (pdf)

From Building America: www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/building_america/

These up-to-date and  detailed manuals provide "best practices" for each climate.
Covers site layout, layout of windows for passive solar, insulation, infiltration control, furnace and AC, ...
Energy Efficient Mortgages
These mortgages offered through the FHA and others allow you to add energy efficiency features to your house with no extra down payment and lower total ownership expenses.
Energy Efficient Mortgages

http://hes.lbl.gov/hes/makingithappen/financing.html

 

These mortgages offered through the FHA and others allow you to add energy efficiency features to your house in a very financially attractive way.
For approved features, 100% of the extra cost is financed, and the increase in the monthly loan payment is more than offset by the decreases in utility bills.
It seems hard to go wrong with this -- no increase in down payment, lower total monthly ownership costs,  added value at resale, and significant greenhouse gas reductions.
And, the savings should just increase over time as fuel prices go up.

 

 Some websites on design tools
 

·         TOOLS FOR DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS Instituto ...

·         Passive Solar Home Design Checklist

·         Passive Solar Design for the Home: Energy Efficiency and Renewable ...Solar Photovoltaic Projects 

·         PV Optics: An Optical Modeling Tool for Solar Cell and Module ...
Passive Solar Design for the Home: Energy Efficiency and Renewable ...

·         http://www.freesunpower.com

·         http://www.theresourcestore.ca/toolbox-solardesign.php

 

 

 

 

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How a Passive Solar Home Design Works

 

A photo of the interior of a sunspace constructed on the side of a house with sunlight entering through several windows and skylights.

A sunspace or attached greenhouse relies primarily on convection to move heat from the sunny space to other adjacent rooms.
Photo credit: Donald Aitken

To understand how a passive solar home design works, you need to understand how heat moves and how it can be stored.

As a fundamental law, heat moves from warmer materials to cooler ones until there is no longer a temperature difference between the two. To distribute heat throughout the living space, a passive solar home design makes use of this law through the following heat-movement and heat-storage mechanisms: