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Jatropha Curcas for Sustainable Development and Energy Stabilization(Author: Titus van der Spek Date: 17 July, 2009 The Hague School of European Studies , The Hague University of Professional Education )
Jatropha cultivation and oil Extraction – A case study in Bangladesh Agricultural University Farm, Md. Daulat Hussain¹and Md. Parvez Islam^2, ¹Professor and ²Lecturer,Department of Farm Power and Machinery, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202.

Proposal on Jatropha model farm and business plantation farm for seed and oil production in Bangladesh By a Jatropha plantation group (Team leader: PROF. DR. MD. DAULAT HUSSAIN, BAU), BANGLADESH AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY (BAU) DEPARTMENT OF FARM POWER AND MACHINERY, MYMENSINFGH-2202, BANGLADESH

Jatropha Cultivation and Oil Production

Dept. of Farm Power and Machinery

Bangladesh Agricultural University

Mymensingh-2202

Introduction:

Conventionally, biodiesel is produced from different types of vegetable

oils and animal fats. However, most of the vegetable oils, which are used

for biodiesel production, are edible oils and therefore, there is competition

with other food sources.

Jatropha, a tropical plant yields a considerable amount of non edible oil

which can be converted to biodiesel. The Jatropha oil can be

used as a direct replacement for kerosene for cooking and lighting, as an

engine fuel.

Different parts of Jatropha have medicinal values. Each and every part of

the tree from roots to the leaves can be used for various purposes e.g. to

make antibiotics, medicine for skin diseases treatment and others.

Occurrence

Jatropha originates from Mexico,central America and South Asia

but has spread all over the world and is mostly used for hedges.

Family: Euphorbiace

Species : Jatropha curcas

English name: Physic nut, purge nut, pig nut, fig nut, Jatropha

Local names:

Bangladesh- Sadamandar/ Erenda/ Jamalgota

Mali- Pourghere

Ivory coast- Bagani

Senegal- Tabanani

Tanzania-Makaean

India- Ratanjut

Zambia- Bemba

Zimbabwe-Shona

South Africa- Venda/Swahili

Agronomy

Germination: With good moisture conditions the germination of the seed

takes 7-10 days. The shell splits and the radicula emerges and four peripheral

roots are formed.

Flowering: By cutting the planted branch takes 3-4 months or by seedling the

plants take one year for flowering.

Propagation: Direct seeding, Tansplanting, Direct planting( cutting), Tissue

culture for seedlings(?)

Intercropping: Without cutting the lateral roots, inter cropping as maize,

Indigo, Lentill, Wheat etc can be successfully grown and farmer will get extra

income.

Irrigation: There is scope for increasing yield of seed by practicing suitable

irrigation method.

Pruning

Once a year

Jatropha – composition

Fig. Multiple use of Jatropha

Critical considerations for Jatropha plantations

Country-level legislation on cultivation and bio-diesel use

Use and reclamation of currently uncultivable land

Working capital inputs should be understood

Technology should be tuned to maximize income with minimum inputs

Decentralized biodiesel production where it is grown

Marketing of bi-products

Possible areas of the Jatropha cultivation in Bangladesh

Highland including hilly areas covers altogether about 4.2 million hectares are suitable for Jatropha cultivation.
Char land
Road sides
Railway sides
River bank
Forest areas

Source: Benchmark soil of Bangladesh: Morphology, characteristics and

classification for research management GIS Laboratory publication No.4.

First published in June,2005

Land preparation

Pit size: 50 cm* 50 cm
1/3 normal soil, 1/3 sand and 1/3 compost
Mixing the soils
Fencing

Cutting samples in preparation

5. Cutting preparation

6. Cuttings

7. Planting

Jatropha garden

Germination and jatropha plants

3 days
5 days
15 days seedlings
3 months

Flowers and Fruits (1st harvest)

Flowering in 3rd months

Harvesting in 5th months

Fruiting in 4th months

Dry fruits

1. Flowering in 3rd months

2. Fruiting in 4th months

3. Harvesting in 5th months

4. Dry fruit

Fruits (2nd harvest)

1, 2 & 3. Fruiting in 8th months

Insect and diseases

Aphid attack on leaves

Spraying insecticides, once per month

Processing - Pressing of oil

(1) Ram press

(2) Hole cylinder type press

(3) Strainer type press

(4) Danish BT press

(5) Sundhara oil expeller

Purification

(1) Sedimentation

(2) Centrifugation

(3) Filtration

Expeller for oil extraction

Worm screw

Flow Diagram

Mechanical method

Chemical method

Sectional view of the Mechanical extractor

Table 1: Physical properties of Jatropha seeds

Sample number	Weight of seed, g	Number of seed	Volume of seed, cm3	Bulk density, g/cc
1	300.2	590	975	0.307897
2	169.7	322	510	0.332745
3	215.2	418	680	0.316471
4	107.5	227	355	0.302817
5	94.3	171	280	0.336786
6	82	165	250	0.328
7	183.1	381	600	0.305167
8	283.9	584	960	0.295729
9	77.6	158	225	0.344889
10	249.9	493	800	0.312375
Mean	176.34	350.9	563.5	0.318288
STD	84.35411	169.1235	286.1531	0.0164

Table Projected area covered by individual plant at the age of 10 month

Parameters	No. of branches	Perimeter (πd), cm			Diameter (d), cm			Projected area (πd2 /4), cm2
Parameters	No. of branches	at 60 cm	at 90 cm	at 120 cm	at 60 cm	at 90 cm	at 120 cm	at 60 cm	at 90 cm	at 120 cm
Avg.	21.2	224.32	281.02	220.00	71.44	89.44	70.10	4164.69	6494.51	3994.77
STD	5.77	47.09	53.75	44.38	14.99	17.12	14.13	1601.65	2215.12	1537.64
CV %	27.22	20.99	19.13	20.17	20.99	19.13	20.17	38.46	34.11	38.49

Fig Plant canopy structure

Next step to be undertaken

(1). To verify the present state of the art on the use of jatropha curcas in Bangladesh (BAU and forest department)

(2) To study the physical properties of seed and plants and suitable cultivation technique (BAU and BUET)

(3) To develop suitable oil expellers for Jatropha seed crushing (BAU and BUET)

(4) To develop methods to verify the Physico-mechanical, electrical and thermal properties of Jatropha oil suitable for diesel engine operation (BUET and BAU)

(5)To develop oil extraction by chemical method (BINA)

(6) To develop bio-pesticide and organic fertilizer (BINA)

(7) Performance studies of small diesel engines with Jatropha oil (BAU and BUET)

(8) Extension of Jatropha cultivation in Bangladesh (Forest department and BAU)

Potential area of cultivation

Biofuel :

Bangladesh Agriculture University (BAU) has planted Jatropha on pilot basis. Some private organizations have also started Jatropha plantation with their own initiatives. Despite shortage of agricultural land BAU has suggested to plant Jatropha and other species of biofuel such as ‘Velna’ on the side of major rail and road network.

Composition of Jatropha seed is illustrated below.

Possible Jatropha cultivation area is shown in the Bangladesh map:

Source: Benchmark soil of Bangladesh: Morphology, characteristics and lassification for research management GIS Laboratory publication No.4. First published in June,2005

Another type of biofuel called castor bean plant or verenda is being cultivated in a very limited scope by the private sectors.

Castor seed plant / verenda

Bio-diesel:

Biodiesel often known as Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) is the biodegradable diesel obtained from the transesterafication of vegetable oil or animal fat. Transesterification is the process in which vegetable oil or animal fat reacts with methanol or ethanol in the presence of a catalyst (Normally NaOH) to produce methyl or ethyl esters and glycerine. Biodiesel can be used in neat form or blended with petroleum diesel to use in unmodified diesel engine. Rudolf Diesel developed the first engine to run on peanut oil. He demonstrated the engine at the World exhibition in Paris in 1900. Unfortunately R. Diesel died in 1913 and after his death vegetable oil was forgotten as a renewable source of power for long time.

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