GTZ Priority Area (
Energy). Energy for Development (SED) in Bangladesh
Field Investigation Report -
Promotion
of Modern Drying Technologies in Rural Areas Of Bangladesh
Reported
by
Professor B. K. Bala
Department of Farm Power and Machinery Bangladesh
Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The
author is grateful to GTZ, Dhaka for financial support of
this work. The author also gratefully acknowledges the
co-operation of Mr. Erich Otto Gomm, Project Coordinator,
Promotion of the Use of Renewable Energies (PURE) in
Bangladesh, GTZ, Dhaka.
The
author is grateful to Professor Md. Akhtaruzzaman, Professor
Dr. ATM Ziauddin and Professor Dr. Md. Monjurul Alam,
Department of Farm Power & Machinery, BAU, Mymensingh; and
Dr. Biraj Kumar Biswas, Md Mujibur Rahman, Ph.D Student,
Department of Farm Power & Machinery, BAU, Mr. Palash
Banerjee, MS Student, Khulna University, Md. Monirul Islam
Chowdhury, Ph.D Student, Department of Farm Power &
Machinery, BAU, Mymensingh, Mr. Pankaj Kumar Kundu, Md.
Saiful Islam, MS Student, Department of Farm Power &
Machinery, BAU, Mymensingh and Mr. Partha Protim Biswas,
Satkhira, Research Assistants for their contribution and
active participation in preparation of this report.
The
author is extremely thankful to Mr. Zafar Ahmed, Chairman of
a local NGO, called “Prottaya”, Chittagong; Mr. Mahabubul
Alam Chowdhury, Executive Director of Jalalabad Fish
Processing Plant, Sylhet; Mr. Md. Nasir Uddin, Executive
Director of a local NGO, called READO, Sylhet; Krishibid Mr.
Shaymol Kumar Bose, Chairman of Ujani union of Muksudpur
upazilla and Chairman of Campaign for Sustainable
Development (CSD); Ms. Masuda Farouk Ratna, Executive
Director of Gram Bikash Sahayak Sangstha (GBSS) of Vatpara,
Narshinghdi; Mr. Santipada Shaha, Area Coordinator of
PROSHIKA, Kuliarchar; Mr. Giashuddin Pathan, a local
businessman, Mohanganj; Mr. Asim Kumer Das, GM, Khulna Palli
Biddut Samity; Prof. Dr. M. Salequzzaman, Environmental
Science Discipline, Khulna University; Mr. Babudhan Chakma,
Community Manager, Padakhep, Ruma; Ms. Moni Chakma, ED,
Society for Indigenous Women Progress, Rangamati; Mr. Abul
Basar, RUSTIC (a local NGO), Khulna; Md. Mohashin-UL-Mulk,
ED, Iswaripur Development Foundation (IDF), Satkhira; MS.
Lutfun Nahar Dulu, Vise President, Press Club, Bagerhat and
Mrs. Shahida Begum, ED, Bulbul Somaj Kollyan Songstha
(BSKS), Jessore for their guidance during field visit and
active cooperation in information collection.
The
author gratefully acknowledges the cooperation and
encouragement of Mr. Dilder Ahmed Toufiq, Chief of
Operations, PURE and Dr. M. Khalekuzzaman, Senior Energy
Specialist, PURE during field study.
- The author
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Agricultural products in Bangladesh are mainly dried by
traditional method of sun drying. Huge amount of marine and
fresh water fish are caught every year and a significant
portion of this catch is dried. But the fish dried in
traditional method is contaminated with insecticides to
prevent insect attack during drying and storage, and thus
creating a wide spectrum of health hazards. Furthermore,
there exists an export market for shark fin and fish air
bladder but the quality of the dried shark fin and fish air
bladder are not up to the mark of international standard for
export.
Plenty
of fruits such as pineapple, mango and banana are produced
in Rangamati, Bandarban and Khagrachari; mango in Chapai
Nawabgonj and pineapple in Modhupur and Srimangal and huge
amounts of vegetables are produced in Jessore. Significant
amount of these fruits and vegetables is lost due to
inadequate preservation facilities and marketing structures.
Although green dried mango and mango leather are produced
using traditional method of sun drying, these products are
not up to the mark of international standard. However, there
is great potential for production of quality dried fruits
and vegetables for marketing in the local supermarkets and
export markets.
Quality
seeds supply by BADC and other private supplies is very
small amounting 3-5% of quality rice seed and about 15% of
quality wheat seed. There is also a potential demand of
35,000-45,000 mt of cereal quality seeds. Production and
marketing of quality seeds is a profitable business since
quality of seed is reflected in the price. There exists a
need of excellent cost effective and efficient drying
equipment for production and marketing of quality seeds. It
is the right time to give the thrust for drying and storage
of seeds at commercial level.
The
production of maize is increasing with the increasing demand
of maize for livestock industries. Since, maize is dried in
the traditional method of sun drying it may be contaminated
with alphatoxin and such contamination is not uncommon.The
production of maize has increased in the recent past at the
rate of 101%. Thus, there is wide market potential for dried
maize for poultry industries and this necessitates
introduction of dryers for production of dried maize for
poultry industries.
Spices
such as chili, turmeric, ginger etc. are also produced here
and has an established market but the quality is not up to
the mark for export and there exists a potential for
promotion of drying technology for production of export
quality spices.
The
medicinal plants are also produced here and the cultivation
of medicinal plants are increasing because of increasing
local and export demand. Drying of medicinal plants requires
special care to retain the medicinal qualities and at the
same time there is a high demand for medicinal plants both
home and abroad. These would justify the introduction of
dryer for production of quality dried medicinal plants of
international standard.
There
are good numbers of non-conventional products such as dry
agar wood, dry jute leaf and dry neem pata and these have
wide market potentials in the Middle East countries. For
production of quality agar wood needs introduction of dryer
and the same is also true for jute leaves and neem leaves.
The
purposes of the study were to assess the production
potential of fruits, vegetables, medicinal plants including
fish at production side; to assess the existing marketing
channels for all dried products and to assess the marketing
potentials of the dried products.
Six
Potential regions of Bangladesh were selected to study the
production and marketing potentials and marketing channels
of dried fish, non-conventional dried fish, fruits,
vegetables, spices, medicinal plants and non-conventional
dried products. The regions, namely, Cox’s Bazar, Sylhet,
Kuakata, Mymensingh, Khulna and Rangpur were chosen based on
the availability of fresh fish, non-conventional dried
fish, vegetables, fruits, spices, medicinal plants and
non-conventional products to be dried and also best on
marketability of these products in the super markets, city
markets and retail markets in different regions.
Five
categories of beneficiaries such as producers of hygienic
dried/smoked fish, traders of hygienic dried/smoked fish,
grower of raw products other than fish, raw product traders
and potential traders of dried products other than fish
constituted the population of the study. The samples were
randomly selected based on regions, clusters and
concentration of potential respondents. Five sets of
questionnaires were developed for five sets of respondents.
In designing the questionnaire project team shared their
previous experiences of field survey and case studies to
come up with an appropriate questionnaire for this study.
The team also consulted relevant experts, researchers and
businessmen during development of the draft and the final
questionnaires.
The
field level study reveals that the solar dryer users at
Cox’s Bazar and potential solar dryer users at Cox’s Bazar,
Sylhet, Khulna, Mymensingh and Kuakata are interested to use
solar dryer for production of quality dried products.
However, they need demonstration, training and supervision
for production of quality dried fish and also need promotion
of marketing through establishment of marketing linkage and
sales promotion through attractive packaging and
advertisement through radio and TV. The fishermen
association of Nigerertek and Kutubdia para is interested to
establish direct business contact with the supermarkets of
Chittagong city and acquire packaging technology.
Non-conventional dried fish such as dried shark fin, fish
air bladder are produced at Notun fishery para of Cox’s
Bazar and Teknaf using traditional sun drying method and
these products have high export value. There exists an
export market for these products. There is a great scope for
introduction of solar dryer for production of export quality
dried products and these producers are waiting for
technological support.
The
smoking system in use at Satkhira and Chokoria is
inefficient in terms of energy utilization of biomass and
smoking time. There is a great potential for improvement of
the smoking system for production of smoked prawn in
Satkhira and Chokoria.
Asadganj of Chittagong is the largest trading centre of
dried and smoked fish in Bangladesh. The traders at
Asadganj, Chittagong controls the dried fish business of
Bangladesh. Some of the traders of Asadganj use cold storage
to store dried fish to avoid application of insecticides.
Insecticide free dried fish stored in cold storage has
higher demand and price and the traders are interested in
cold storage technology for preservation of insecticide free
dried fish. The wholesalers also provide credit to the
bahadder and recovers at a very high rate. Although the
major share of the dried fish (60%) is produced in Khulna,
about 70% of the total production is traded at Asadganj and
the rest is sent to Syedpur and Rangpur.
There is an established marketing chain both home and
abroad for marine and sweet water fish in Sylhet and
significant amount of sweet water fish are also traded
locally and distributed in the different districts of
Bangladesh. Mohangang and Netrakona are also the centers of
fresh water fish trading. Chepa produced at Kulairchar is
being supplied to many marketing points of the country.
Mr. Hasan, an exporter of dried fish and Mr. Nandi, an
exporter of non-conventional dried fish have shown keen
interest to work jointly with the GTZ to produce export
quality dried fish. Also Mr. Hasan is ready to offer one of
his dried fish producing factories for a pilot project.
This study reveals that different kinds of fruits such as
pineapple, mango and banana are produced in Bandarban,
Rangamati and Khagrachari; jackfruit in Bhaluka; pineapple
in Modhupur and Srimangal and vegetables such as cabbage,
coliflower, bean etc. are produced in Jessore abundantly.
Huge amount of these products are lost due to improper
preservation techniques and this is further aggravated by
the dumping price at the peak harvesting season. There
exists a great potential for production of solar dried
fruits and vegetables to reduce the losses and make the
fruits and vegetables available round the year. There exists
a potential market of dried fruits and vegetables in the
supermarkets since imported dried fruits and vegetables are
on good sale in the different supermarkets of Bangladesh.
Only an
insignificant amount of quality seeds is supplied by BADC
and other private organizations which is less than 15% and
there is a demand of 35,000-45,000 mt of quality seeds. The
quality is reflected in the price of the seed. This
justifies the introduction of dryers for production of
quality seeds.
The
demand for maize as animal feed is increasing rapidly (101%)
and maize is very much sensitive to alphatoxin and several
private enterprises like Kazi farm, Doyel industries are in
the business of maize as an animal feed. Production of such
animal feed requires drying of the maize to safe moisture
content and it is a profitable business in Bangladesh.
Medicinal plants are produced in several areas specially at
Natore, Rangpur and Dinajpur. For preserving medicinal
qualities of these plants appropriate drying and processing
needs immediate attention.
Borolekha of Maulavibazar is famous for production of agar
wood and it is exported to the Middle East countries. There
is a great potential for production of export quality agar
wood using solar drier.
Tobacco
is grown in Chokoria of Cox’s Bazar and Rangpur. It is a
profitable cash crop but curing is costly in terms of energy
needed. There is a scope for improving the tobacco curing
system for its efficient operation for production of high
grade tobacco available in BAU.
Salt is
produced from saline water mainly in Chokoria and Satkhira.
The technology is simple but inefficient. There exists a
scope for use of solar drying technology for salt production
which can reduce evaporation time and increase the
production capacity.
Brine water has high demand in the main land for hatchery
(where huge amount of fingerlinks of prawn are produced from
eggs) from the coastal areas of Bangladesh and there is a
potential scope for efficient production of brine water from
saline water using solar drying technology at Abad Chandipur
of Kaliganj, Satkhira.
Coffee cultivation is increasing at Ruma, Bandarban and the
quality of the sun dried coffee beans are not up to the mark
and there is a high demand for quality coffee beans in the
market. There is a great potential to dry coffee beans using
solar dryer.
The
supply chain of dried fish in the country is dominated by
the wholesalers cum money lenders of Asadganj, Chittagong.
About 70% of the total dry fish production is carried out by
the fishermen-cum-producers and the rest is produced by the
dried fish producer-cum-traders both using traditional sun
dried methods.
About
70% of the dried product of Dublar char, Allorcole, Sakhinar
char and Ashar char is directly sold to the wholesalers of
Asadganj, Chittagong and the rest 30% is sold to Syedpur,
Rangpur, Jamalpur and Pabna.
There is
a high demand of hygienic dries fish in the supermarkets and
city kitchen markers but there is a lack of networking among
the hygienic dried fish producers, supermarkets and the
export markets. A good liaison is needed between the actors
of the marketing chain of the hygienic dried fish. The
development of new breed of entrepreneurs at hygienic solar
dried fish producers and wholesalers levels could bridge the
gap.
Average
overall value addition for dried fish production channel is
about 136% on the basis of fresh fish price. The highest
value additions are found at producers’ and wholesalers’
level as 35.78% and 35.17%, respectively of the overall
value addition.
The cost
of fresh harvest is usually low in the chars adjacent to
Sundarban that provide the fishermen better net margins in
the range of 37% to 53% of total value addition in dried
fish value chain.
The
overall value addition of smoked prawn is about 21.88% on
the basis of fresh prawn at coastal areas. The highest value
addition is observed at retailing (28.6%) followed by smoked
prawn producer (21.1%), wholesaler (18.57%) and transport
(17.2%).
The
profit margin of the smoked prawn producer is only 7.07% of
total value addition. Establishing direct trading linkage
with the supermarkets and export market would improve the
profit margins at producers’ level.
The
wholesalers (as well money lenders) of Asadganj have
significant control over the dried fish business and
consequently registered the highest value addition in the
whole value chain. Therefore, to bring any change in the
marketing channel active participation of the wholesalers
must be ensured.
The
dependency of smoked prawn producers on the wholesalers of
Asadganj is due to limited access to credit facilities from
banks and NGOs. Soft credit from national and private
sector banks and micro credit form NGOs using Grameen bank
approach can reduce the economic exploitation of the smoked
prawn producers.
The
number and size of solar tunnel dryer for the production of
quality dried fish must be selected depending upon the catch
of fish to maximize the labour productivity and minimize the
operating cost of the solar dryer.
Marketing linkage between the dried product producers and
traders of the supermarkets need to be establish under the
direct supervision of drying and marketing experts and NGOs,
and sales promotion should be strengthened through
attractive packaging and advertisement of the product
quality through radio and TV.
There is high potential for production and marketing of
quality dried products such as fish, non-conventional fish
products, fruits and vegetables, spices, medicinal plants
etc. for supermarkets in the cities and export market. Thus,
it is now the right time to put thrust on production of
quality dried products and promoting the market of these
quality dried products.
CONTENTS
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PAGE |
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
II |
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
III |
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CONTENTS |
VIII |
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LIST OF FIGURES |
XII |
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LIST OF TABLES |
XV |
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Chapter I (Click
here) |
INTRODUCTION |
01-12 |
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1.1 Objectives |
12 |
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Chapter II
(Click
here) |
MATERIALS AND
METHODS |
13-19 |
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2.1 Site
Selection
2.2 Development
of Data Collecting Instrument
2.3 Collection of
Data
2.4 Compilation and Presentation of Data |
13
17
18
19 |
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Chapter III
(Click
here) |
RESULTS AND
DISCUSSIONS |
20-84 |
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|
3.1 Cox’s Bazar
Region
3.1.1
Introduction
3.1.2 Findings
3.1.2.1 Dried
Fish Producers
3.1.2.2 Smoked Fish Producers
3.1.2.3 Dried Fish Traders
3.1.2.4 Exporter
3.1.2.5 Raw
Products Growers
3.1.2.6 Tobacco Producers of Chakaria, Cox’s
Bazar
3.1.2.7 Salt Producer of Islampur, Chakaria,
Cox’s Bazar
3.1.2.8 Raw
Products Traders other than Fish |
20
20
23
23
25
25
29
29
32
33
34 |
|
|
3.2 Khulna Region
3.2.1
Introduction
3.2.2 Findings
3.2.2.1 Dried
Fish Producers
3.2.2.2 Smoked
Fish Producer
3.2.2.3 Vegetable
Growers
3.2.2.4 Vegetable
Traders
3.2.2.5 Brine
Water Producer of Abad Chandipur
of
Kaliganj, Satkhira |
38
38
40
40
41
42
43
43 |
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3.3 Cox’s Bazar and Khulna Region
3.3.1 Supermarket
3.3.2 Grocery Shop of Reazuddin Bazar,
Chittagong
3.3.3 Supply &
Value Chain of Dried Fish in Cox’s Bazar
3.3.4 Value Chain
Analysis of Khulna Region
3.3.5 Supply and
Value Chain of Smoked Prawn |
45
45
45
45
49
PAGE
49 |
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3.4 Rangpur
Region
3.4.1 Findings
3.4.1.1 Raw
Product Trader
3.4.1.2 Grower of
raw product
3.4.1.3 Growers
and Traders
3.4.1.4 Traders
3.4.1.5
Vegetables: Mushroom
3.4.1.6 Mango
Products: Amta and Amchur
3.4.1.7 Spices:
Chilli and Turmeric
3.4.1.8 Medicinal
Plants
3.4.1.9 Neem and
Arjun
3.4.1.10 Papor
(tortilla)
3.4.1.11 Tobacco
3.4.1.12 Hygienic
Dried Fish
3.4.1.13
Interviews with Scientists |
51
51
51
55
55
56
56
57
58
61
63
64
64
65
66 |
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3.5 Sylhet Region
3.5.1
Introduction
3.5.2 Findings
3.5.2.1 Dried
Fish Producers
3.5.2.2 Dry Fish
Trader
3.5.2.3 Growers
of Raw Products
3.5.2.4
Vegetables: Bean Seeds
3.5.2.5 Satkora
(Lemon)
3.5.2.6 Spices
3.5.2.7 Betel Nut
3.5.2.8 Agor Wood
3.5.2.9 Medicinal
Plant Products
3.5.2.10
Supermarkets
3.5.2.11 Exporter |
67
67
67
67
68
69
70
71
71
73
73
74
75
76 |
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3.6 Mymensingh
Region
3.6.1
Findings
3.6.1.1 Dried
Fish Producers
3.6.1.2 Dried
Fish Traders
3.6.1.3 Dried
Fish Producers and Traders
3.6.1.4 Growers
of Raw Products other than Fish
3.6.1.5 Exporter
3.6.1.6 Mushroom
3.6.1.7 Herbal
Products
3.6.1.8
Supermarkets |
76
76
76
76
77
78
79
80
81
82 |
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3.7 Kuakata
Region
3.7.1 Findings
3.7.1.1 Dried
Fish Producers
3.7.1.2 Dried Fish
Traders
3.8 Role of NGOs
|
83
83
83
83
84 |
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Chapter IV
(Click
here) |
CONCLUSIONS |
PAGE
85-96 |
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4.1 Cox’s Bazar
Region
4.1.1 Dried Fish
Producers
4.1.2 Smoked Fish
Producer
4.1.3
Dried Fish Traders
4.1.4 Exporter
4.1.5 Raw
Products Growers
4.1.6 Tobacco
Producers of Chakaria, Cox’s Bazar
4.1.7 Salt
Producer of Islampur, Chakaria, Cox’s Bazar
4.1.8 Raw Products
Traders other than Fish
4.1.9 Grocery
Shop of Reazuddin Bazar, Chittagong
4.1.10
Supermarkets |
85
85
85
86
87
87
88
88
88
89
89 |
|
|
4.2 Khulna Region
4.2.1 Dried
Fish Producer
4.2.2
Smoked fish Producer
4.2.3
Vegetable Growers
4.2.4
Vegetable Traders
4.2.5 Brine
Water Producer of Abad Chandipur of Kaliganj,
Satkhira
4.2.6
Supermarkets
4.2.7
Supply and Value
Chain of Dried Fish
4.2.8
Supply and Value
Chain of Smoked Prawn |
89
89
90
90
91
91
91
91
92 |
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4.3 Sylhet Region
4.3.1 Dried Fish
Producers
4.3.2
Bayleaf
4.3.3 Agar wood
4.3.4 Bean Seed
4.3.5 Satkara
4.3.6 Jackfruit
and Pineapple
4.3.7 Supermarket |
93
93
93
93
93
93
93
93 |
|
|
4.4 Mymensingh
Region
4.4.1 Dried Fish
Producer
4.4.2 Raw
Products Growers
4.4.3 Seed:
Grains
4.4.4 Spices and
Medicinal Plants |
94
94
94
94
94 |
|
|
4.5 Rangpur
Region
4.5.1 Seeds
4.5.2 Maize
4.5.3
Fruits:Green Dried Mango and Mango Leather and
Banana
4.5.4 Spices
4.5.5 Tobacco
4.5.6 Medicinal
Plant
4.5.7 Papor |
95
95
95
95
95
95
96
96 |
|
|
4.6 Kuakata
Region
4.6.1 Dried fish
Producers and Traders
|
96
96 |
|
Chapter V |
RECOMMENDATIONS |
PAGE
97-109 |
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|
5.1
Recommendations
5.1.1 Cox’s Bazar
Region
5.1.1.1 Dried
fish Producers and Traders
5.1.1.2 Fruits
and Vegetables
5.1.1.3 Salt
Production
5.1.1.4
Supermarkets
5.1.1.5 Exporter |
97
97
97
97
98
98
98 |
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|
5.1.2 Khulna
Region
5.1.2.1 Dried
fish Producers and Traders
5.1.2.2
Vegetables
5.1.2.3 Supply
and Value Chain of Dried Fish |
99
99
99
99 |
|
|
5.1.3 Sylhet
Region
5.1.3.1 Dried
Fish
5.1.3.2 Bayleaf
5.1.3.3 Agar Wood
5.1.3.4 Bean Seed
5.1.3.5 Satkara
5.1.3.6 Jackfruit
and Pineapple
5.1.3.7
Supermarket |
100
100
101
101
101
101
102
102 |
|
|
5.1.4 Mymensingh
Region
5.1.4.1 Dried
Fish
5.1.4.2 Fruits:
Jackfruit
5.1.4.3 Seed:
Grains
5.1.4.4 Spices
and Medicinal plants |
102
102
102
103
103 |
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|
5.1.5 Rangpur
Region
5.1.5.1 Seeds
5.1.5.2 Maize
5.1.5.3 Groundnut
5.1.5.5 Spices
5.1.5.6 Tobacco
5.1.5.7 Medicinal
Plant
5.1.5.8 Papor |
103
103
103
104
104
104
104
105 |
|
|
5.1.6 Kuakata
Region
5.1.6.1 Dried
Fish Producers and Traders
5.2 Summary
Recommendations |
105
105
106 |
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APPENDICES |
110-125 |
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Appendix-A1:
Producer of Hygienic Dried/Smoked Fish |
110 |
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Appendix-A2:
Trader of Hygienic Dried/Smoked Fish |
114 |
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Appendix-A3:
Grower of Raw Products other than Fish |
118 |
|
|
Appendix-
A4: Raw
Product Trader |
122 |
|
|
Appendix-A5:
Potential Traders of Dried Products other than Fish
|
124 |
LIST OF FIGURES
|
NO. |
TITLE
|
PAGE |
|
1.1 |
Annual marine
fish production |
01 |
|
1.2 |
Annual inland fish production |
02 |
|
1.3a |
Non-conventional
dried fish |
02 |
|
1.3b |
Non-conventional
dried fish |
02 |
|
1.4 |
Value of dried
fish exported |
03 |
|
1.5 |
Market flow of
dried marine and smoked fish in Bangladesh |
04 |
|
1.6 |
Market flow of
freshwater dry fish in Bangladesh |
05 |
|
1.7 |
Pineapple
plantation in Rangamati |
06 |
|
1.8 |
Banana plantation
in Rangamati |
06 |
|
1.9 |
Annual production
of banana, jackfruit, mango, pineapple and
papaya |
06 |
|
1.10 |
The
marketing channel of fruits grown in the country |
07 |
|
1.11 |
Annual production
of cabbage, cauliflower and tomato (Source: BBS
2006) |
08 |
|
1.12 |
Marketing channel
for vegetables |
08 |
|
1.13 |
Annual production
of chilli, turmeric and ginger (Source: BBS
2006) |
09 |
|
1.14a |
Coffee plantation
at New Eden, Ruma |
09 |
|
1.14b |
Coffee plantation
at New Eden, Ruma |
09 |
|
1.15 |
Rice seed supply |
10 |
|
1.16 |
Wheat seed supply |
10 |
|
1.17 |
Source of
farmer’s seed in % of total seed use |
11 |
|
1.18 |
Flow chart of the
sources of quality seeds |
11 |
|
1.19 |
Annual maize
production (Source: BBS 2006) |
12 |
|
2.1 |
The map of
Bangladesh |
14 |
|
3.1 |
Fish is being
processed for drying in Notun fishery para of
Cox’s
Bazar |
23 |
|
3.2 |
Fish is being
processed for drying in Notun Fishery Para of
Cox’s Bazar |
23 |
|
3.3 |
Non-conventional
fish is being processed for drying in Notun
Fishery Para of Cox’s Bazar |
24 |
|
3.4 |
Fish is being
dried in Chung over the house roof at Notun
Fishery para |
24 |
|
3.5 |
Interview is
being taken with a dried fish trader at Asadganj |
26 |
|
3.6 |
Dried fish at
Asadganj, Chittagong |
26 |
|
3.7 |
Market channels
of sun dried fish |
27 |
|
3.8a |
Dried fish in
open bulk in Reazuddin Bazar, Chittagong |
28 |
|
3.8b |
Dried fish in
open bulk in Reazuddin Bazar, Chittagong |
28 |
|
3.9 |
Non-conventional
dried fish bladder at Notun Fishery Para of
Cox’s Bazar |
28 |
|
3.10 |
Non-conventional
dried fish bladder at Notun Fishery Para of
Cox’s Bazar |
28 |
|
3.11 |
Interview is
being taken with a fruit grower at Bethelpara,
Ruma |
30 |
|
3.12 |
Pineapple garden
in Bethelpara of Ruma |
30 |
|
3.13 |
Fruits and
vegetables growers of Bethelpara in Ruma
|
30 |
|
3.14 |
Interview is
being taken with a fruits grower in Bethelpara
of Ruma |
30 |
|
3.15 |
Coffee plantation
at New Eden, Ruma |
31 |
|
NO. |
TITLE
|
PAGE |
|
3.16 |
Discussion with a
coffee grower at New Eden, Ruma |
31 |
|
3.17 |
Pineapple garden
in Rangamati |
32 |
|
3.18 |
Banana plantation
in Rangamati |
32 |
|
3.19 |
Tobacco curing
chula in Jahir Para of Chakaria, Cox’s Bazar |
33 |
|
3.20 |
Mud-mixed salt in
Islampur of Chakaria, Cox’s Bazar |
33 |
|
3.21 |
Washed salt in a
salt industry in Islampur of chakaria |
34 |
|
3.22 |
Salt is being
packet in the industry at Islampur of Chakaria |
34 |
|
3.23 |
Firingi Bazar
fruits market, Chittagong |
34 |
|
3.24 |
Firingi Bazar
fruits market, Chittagong |
34 |
|
3.25 |
Marketing channel
of fruits in Chittagong city |
36 |
|
3.26 |
Banana market in
Shuvolong of Barkal upazilla, Rangamati |
37 |
|
3.27 |
Interview is
being taken with a bahadder in Kunduria of
Assasuni, Satkhira |
44 |
|
3.28 |
Smoked prawn in
khoti at Shinghertoli of Shaymnagar, Satkhira |
44 |
|
3.29 |
Prawn is being
smoked in khoti at Shinghertoli of Shaymnagar,
Satkhira |
44 |
|
3.30 |
Bean field in
Barobazar of Jessore |
44 |
|
3.31 |
Bean cultivation
in Barobazar of Jessore |
44 |
|
3.32 |
Fresh vegetables
market of Barobazar, Jessore |
44 |
|
3.33 |
Supply chain of
dry fish production |
47 |
|
3.34 |
Value addition
per kg of solar dried fish |
48 |
|
3.35 |
Value addition
per kg of sun dried fish |
48 |
|
3.36 |
Value addition
per kg of sun dried fish |
50 |
|
3.37 |
Value chain of
smoked prawn |
51 |
|
3.38 |
Namdhari Malik
Seeds Pvt Ltd. in Rangpur |
53 |
|
3.39 |
Seed processing
plant in Rangpur |
53 |
|
3.40 |
Sieves for sun
drying |
54 |
|
3.41 |
Marketing chain
of seed production |
54 |
|
3.42 |
Amta being sold
in Rajshahi Saheb Bazaar market |
59 |
|
3.43 |
Amta is being
produced by artificial drying in Kansat,
Sibgonj, Chapai Nawabgonj |
59 |
|
3.44 |
Amta is being
sold in Kansat bazar, Sibgonj, Chapai Nawabgonj |
59 |
|
3.45 |
Markrting channel
of chilli and turmeric in Dhapar Bazar in
Rangpur |
60 |
|
3.46 |
A solar dryer
provided by Lusture-Natore for drying of
medicinal plants in Natore |
63 |
|
3.47 |
Medicinal plant
products, both raw and dust are traded in
Lakxhmipur, Natore |
63 |
|
3.48 |
Alovera, a medicinal plant, grown in Natore is
ready for transport to
Dhaka from Lakxhmipur, Natore |
63 |
|
3.49 |
Alovera, a medicinal plant, grown in Natore is
sold in Kuliarchar
market in Kishoregonj |
63 |
|
3.50a |
Tobacco leaves is being re-dried in Gangachara
in Rangpur |
65 |
|
3.50b |
Tobacco leaves is
being sold in the market after drying |
65 |
|
3.51 |
Marketing channel
of tobacco leaves in Gangachara upazilla of
Rangpur |
65 |
|
3.52 |
Dry fish
production besides Bogra-Natore Highway in
Chalan Beel, Natore |
66 |
|
3.53 |
Sayedpur dry fish
marketing system |
66 |
|
NO.
3.54 |
TITLE
Dangy lying idle
in off-season storage mode in Pirpur, Sylhet |
PAGE
68 |
|
3.55 |
Interview with
dry fish producers and traders in Pirpur, Sylhet |
68 |
|
3.56 |
Satkara for sale
in Bandarbazar, Sylhet |
74 |
|
3.57 |
Black pepper in
betel nut tree in Malnichhera tea estate, Sylhet |
74 |
|
3.58 |
Bayleaf is for
sale in Sylhet market |
75 |
|
3.59 |
Atar processing
plant in Borolekha, Moulvibazar |
75 |
|
3.60 |
Agar wood tree in
Borolekha, Moulvibazar |
75 |
|
3.61 |
Agar wood mass, a
by-product of atar production system |
75 |
LIST
OF TABLES
|
NO. |
TITLE |
PAGE
|
|
1.1 |
Export of shark
fin, salted fish and dried fish, and their
values from July-May, 2004-05 to July-May,
2005-06 |
03 |
|
1.2 |
Exports of
vegetables, fruits, nuts and tobacco and their
values from July-May, 2004-05 to July-May,
2005-06. |
07 |
|
2.1 |
Area wise number
of respondents |
15 |
|
3.1 |
Number of
interviews conducted in different locations of
Cox’s Bazar region |
20 |
|
3.2 |
An actual interview
schedule by location and date |
21 |
|
3.3 |
Fruits traded in
Chittagong city wholesale market |
35 |
|
3.4 |
Number of
interviews conducted in different locations of
Khulna region. |
39 |
|
3.5 |
An actual
interview schedule by location and date |
39 |
|
3.6 |
Market price of
commonly grown vegetables |
42 |
|
3.7 |
Maize Seed
Production by BRAC, Sherpur Centre |
52 |
|
3.8 |
BRAC centre
facilities for maize seed processing and storage |
52 |
|
3.9 |
Enterprises
involved in mushroom production |
80 |
|
3.10 |
Machines and
facilities used for processing of herbal
products |
82 |
|
3.11 |
Processed and
dried foods producers with brand name
|
82 |
|
3.12 |
Volume of
business of dry fish per season |
84 |
Chapter I
introduction
Fish is the major source of
animal protein and an important food item of the people
of Bangladesh. Dried fish is also popular here because
of special taste and flavor. Huge quantity of both
marine and fresh water fish are caught every year in
Bangladesh. A significant portion of these fish is dried
and smoked, the quality of dried fish is not up to the
mark of international standard and the marketing
structure and channels are not well established,
although there is a potential demand for dried fish.
Furthermore, the traditionally dried fish are
contaminated with insecticides to avoid insect larva and
its attack during drying and storage. Thus, these create
a broad spectrum of health hazards.
Dried fish mainly come from
two sources and these are marine dried fish and sweet
water dried fish. Fig. 1.1 shows the annual production
of marine fish in Bangladesh and it shows an exponential
trend line of annual marine fish production in
Bangladesh from the year 1994 to 2003, with a growth
rate of 6%. The annual
production of inland fish in Bangladesh is shown in
Fig.1.2 and the growth rate is 7.8%. The
production of marine fish increased from 0.25 million
tonne in 1994 to 0.43 million tonne in 2003. However,
about 30% of the freshly harvested fish is spoiled every
year due to lack of proper preservation facility in the
country and this amounts to 0.308 million metric tonne.
About 40% of the remaining harvested fish is sun dried
and this amounts to 0.072 million metric tonne (Bala,
2000). Annual export of dried fish is about 1278 metric
tonnes and Bangladesh earns Tk. 300 millions and ranks
the third of the export of fish and fish products.
Fig. 1.1
Annual marine fish production (Source: FAO 2003).
Again for non-conventional dried
fish such as dried shark fin and bladder are valuable export
items and these items have an already established export
market (Fig. 1.3). But the dried product is not up to the
mark of international market.
Fig. 1.2
Annual inland fish production (Source: BBS 2004).
Fig. 1.4 shows the annual export
of dried fish and it shows the exponential trend line of
value of the exported dried fish from the year 1985-86 to
1998-99, with a growth rate of 16%. The export of dried fish
increased from 49.50 million taka in 1985-1986 to 371.80
million taka in 1998-1999. The recent exports of dried fish,
salted fish and shark fin are shown in Table 1.1 and the
export of dried fish is increasing at the rate of 23.35%.
|
Fig. 1.3a
Non-conventional dried fish |
Fig. 1.3b Non-conventional
dried fish |
Fig. 1.4
Value of dried fish exported (Source: BBS 2002).
Table 1.1
Export of shark fin, salted fish and dried fish, and their
values from July-May, 2004-05 to July-May, 2005-06.
|
Sl. No. |
Commodities |
Exported volume
(metric ton)
July-May
2004-05 |
Total value
(million dollar)
July-May
2004-05 |
Exported volume
(metric ton)
July-May
2005-06 |
Total value
(million dollar)
July-May
2005-06 |
|
1 |
Shark fin |
0.48 |
0.01 |
00 |
0.01 |
|
2 |
Salted fish |
436.15 |
1.96 |
82.22 |
0.37 |
|
3 |
Dried fish |
1096.00 |
5.48 |
1126.67 |
6.76 |
All the dried fish in the Cox’s
Bazar and Kuakata regions and the major portion of the dried
fish in the Khulna region are marketed through the wholesale
market of Asadganj, Chittagong and the rest portion of the
dried fish of the Khulna region is marketed directly to the
wholesalers of Syedpur. Smoked prawns are produced at
Chakaria and Shatkhira and the major portions of the smoked
fish are marketed through wholesalers at Asadganj. However,
limited amount of smoked fish are sold in the local markets
only at Chakaria. Thus, the marketing of the dried fish in
Bangladesh is controlled by the wholesalers (Aratdar) of
Asadganj, Chittagong. Fig. 1.5 shows the marketing channels
of dried and smoked fish in Bangladesh.
Fig.1.5
Market flow of dried marine and smoked
fish in Bangladesh.
The dried fish of fresh water
sources in Sylhet, Myensingh and Faridpur are marketed
directly to wholesale dried fish market in Sylhet,
Chittagong and Dhaka and also traded in Syedpur, Rangpur,
Jamalpur and Mymensingh. In addition, fresh water dried fish
is also exported to Uk and USA. From these wholesale markets
retailers collect dried fishes for retail selling in all
seasons. In Kuliarchar many fishermen families produce Chepa
and sell these to traders. But in Mohangonj region the
wholesale traders buy dried Puti fish and produce Chepa for
marketing. Fig. 1.6 shows the marketing channels of fresh
water dried fish in Bangladesh.
Fig. 1.6
Market flow of freshwater dry fish in Bangladesh
Bangladesh being a country in
tropical region, plenty of fruits such as mango, pineapple,
jackfruit and banana are produced here. Due to lack of
preservation facilities and proper marketing structure, huge
amounts of these fruits are lost during the peak harvesting
seasons and furthermore, the producers are deprived of
proper price. Even sometimes they cannot recover the
production cost. Now there is a demand for dried fruits and
even imported dried fruits are being sold in supermarkets.
The same is true for vegetables such as cabbage,
cauliflower, papaya, radish, carrot, gourd (chalkumra),
tomatoes etc.
Again huge amount of mango,
pineapple and banana are produced in the Rangamati,
Bandarban and Khagra Chari. Fig.1.7 and Fig. 1.8 show
typical pineapple and banana plantations respectively in
Rangamati. The prices are extremely low at the producer’s
premises here and this is further aggravated due to huge
losses prevalent during the peak season. There is a great
potential of production of quality dried fruits for round
the year taste and availability. Visits of supermarkets at
Chittagong revealed that there is a demand for dried fruits
since dried fruits are being sold in the supermarkets
imported from Thailand. The existence of marketing
potentials was also expressed by the managers of the
supermarkets in different cities in Bangladesh.
|
Fig. 1.7
Pineapple plantation in Rangamati |
Fig.1.8
Banana plantation in Rangamati |
Bangladesh produces significant
amount of fruits, among them banana, jackfruit, mango and
pineapple are major fruits with an annual production sizes
of 0.707, 0.279, 0.243 and 0.213 million tones, respectively
(Fig. 1.9) (BBS, 2006). However, large quantities of these
valuable produces are being spoiled due to lack of
preservation and storage facilities, particularly during the
peak harvesting seasons. These fruits are highly perishable.
Besides fresh use, at least 0.118, 0.025, 0.035 and 0.015
million tons of these fruits have the potentials for
processing as dried banana, banana flakes, jackfruit
leather, mango leather, mango bar and dried pineapple
slices, which can add value and earn foreign exchange
through export. Recent export volumes of vegetables, fruits
nuts and tobacco are shown in Table 1.2.
Fig. 1.10 shows the marketing
channels of fruits in the country.
Fig. 1.9
Annual production of banana, jackfruit, mango, pineapple and
papaya.
(Source: BBS 2006).
Fig. 1.10
Marketing channel for fruits.
Fig. 1.10
The marketing channel of fruits grown in the country.
Table 1.2
Exports of vegetables, fruits, nuts and
tobacco and their values from July-May, 2004-05 to July-May,
2005-06.
|
Sl. No. |
Commodities |
Exported volume
(metric ton)
July-May
2004-05 |
Total value
(million dollar)
July-May
2004-05 |
Exported volume
(metric ton)
July-May
2005-06 |
Total value
(million dollar)
July-May
2005-06
|
|
1 |
Vegetables |
25730.00 |
38.30 |
15235.00 |
29.13 |
|
2 |
Fruits |
763.21 |
1.92 |
1987.22 |
5.91 |
|
3 |
Nut |
|
7.24 |
|
24.94 |
|
4 |
Tobacco |
6128.00 |
15.32 |
6743.00 |
16.79 |
Plenty of vegetables and spices
are grown in the different parts of Bangladesh (Fig. 1.11)
and the producers are deprived of fair price although the
market prices of these vegetables are quite high in the
urban areas. The wholesalers (Aratdar) practically control
the vegetable market and harvest the lion share of the
profit. During the recent visits in the supermarkets of the
different parts of the country it was observed that dried
mushrooms are being sold in the supermarkets and the sales
managers in the supermarkets indicated that there is a
potential market for dried vegetables if it is a quality
dried product. Bangladesh produces nearly 1.45 million
tonnes of fresh vegetables. The production of cabbage,
cauliflowers, papaya and tomatoes are 0.129, 0.101, 0.089
and 0.120 million tons respectively. Some vegetables (0.03
million tonne) have very high potential for value addition
by drying in the peak harvest season and selling in off
season. Fig. 1.12 also shows the marketing channels for both
fresh and dried vegetables also.
Fig. 1.11
Annual production of cabbage, cauliflower and tomato
(Source: BBS 2006).
Fig. 1.12
Marketing channel for vegetables.
Fig. 1.13
Annual production of chilli, turmeric and ginger (Source:
BBS 2006).
Now there is a world wide demand
for medicinal plants and Bangladesh is producing medicinal
plants for the traditional medicine practitioners from time
immemorial. There is a great potential for production of
medicinal plants that need quality drying before they are
used for medicine purpose.
The cultivation of coffee and
beans are expanding rapidly in the hilly areas such as Ruma
in Bandarban and coffee has a potential demand for local and
international markets (Fig. 1.14a and 1.14b). But sun drying
now being practiced is not at all well suited for quality
dried coffee beans. There is a potential scope of solar
drying of coffee beans in Ruma, Bandarban.
|
Fig. 1.14a
Coffee plantation at New Eden, Ruma
|
Fig. 1.14b
Coffee plantation at New Eden, Ruma |
Seeds at the farm levels are
dried in the sun by traditional method by spreading these on
the ground or on the concrete. Seeds dried in the sun are
stirred time to time to facilitate rapid and uniform drying.
A substantial loss occurs in quantity and quality
(viability) of the seed produced. Introduction of a seed
dryer can be justified to minimize the loss of quality and
also the loss of viability during drying of seed. The loss
of viability of seeds is associated with excessive heat
during drying of seeds. The temperature and its exposure to
seeds during drying can be controlled effectively in the
dryer. However, such a seed dryer may be costly but may be
justified on the basis of the returns for higher price of
the quality dried seeds in the market.
Good seed means good harvest and
quality seeds are supplied by BADC, and private producers
and suppliers. BADC supplies 3-5% of quality rice seed and
about 15% of quality wheat seed. Other sources, i.e. private
producers and suppliers supply only about 1% of quality
seed. Farmers supply 95-97% of rice and 85% of wheat seed.
Fig. 1.15 shows the rice seed supplied by different sources
and Fig 1.16 shows the supply of wheat seed by different
sources. The percentage of the total amount of the seed
supplied by different sources is shown in Fig. 1.17. There
is a potential demand of 35,000 to 45,000 mt of cereal
quality seed.
Fig. 1.15 Rice
seed supply
Fig.1.16
Wheat seed supply
Fig. 1.17
Source of farmer’s seed in % of total seed use.
However, production and
marketing of quality seed is a profitable business since the
quality of seed is reflected in the price. Private
enterprises are marketing seeds of cereal grains from
neighboring countries. NGOs and private sector enterprises
are also entering in the production and marketing of quality
seed (Figure 1.18). There exists a need of an excellent cost
effect and efficient drying equipment in Bangladesh and also
an excellent opportunity for NGOs and private sectors for
production and marketing of seeds of cereal grains. It is
the right time to give thrust for drying and storage of
seeds in commercial level.
Fig. 1.18
Flow chart of the sources of quality seeds
Although, production of maize in
Bangladesh ranks third after rice and wheat, the production
of maize is increasing with the increasing demand of maize
for livestock industry especially for poultry feed. Since
maize is dried in traditional method of sun drying, the
maize produced during wet season can not be dried properly
and hence may me contaminated with alfatoxin. Such
contamination is not uncommon and may cause a heavy loss to
a total collapse of some poultry industries. Even alfatoxin
may be found in food chain affecting persons consuming
alfatoxin contaminated chicken. Fig.1.19 shows the
production statistics of maize. The production of maize
increased rapidly from 2001 with an exponential growth rate
of 101% due to rapid expansion of poultry industries. Thus,
there is a wide market potential of dried maize for poultry
industries.
Fig. 1.19
Annual maize production (Source: BBS 2006).
There are good numbers of
non-conventional products such as dry Agar wood, dry jute
leaf and dry Neem leaves and these have wide market
potentials in the Middle East countries. Agar wood, a
byproduct of ‘Ator’ (essence) production is an important
valuable export item for Middle East countries where this
product is used for generation of smoky essence inside a
house and the agar wood is dried by sun. Also there is a
scope of exporting dried jute leaf and Neem leaves.
1.1
Objectives
The main objectives of the study
were:
i)
To assess the production
potential of fruits, vegetables, medicinal plants including
fish at production sites;
ii)
To assess the existing marketing
channels and marketing potentials for all dried products;
iii)
To suggest promotion of the
marketing of the dried products.
